Short-term planning and policy interventions to promote cycling in urban centers: Findings from a commute mode choice analysis in Barcelona, Spain

Cycling for transportation has become an increasingly important component of strategies to address public health, climate change, and air quality concerns in urban centers. Within this context, planners and policy makers would benefit from an improved understanding of available interventions and their relative effectiveness for cycling promotion. We examined predictors of bicycle commuting that are relevant to planning and policy intervention, particularly those amenable to short- and medium-term action.

[1]  D. McFadden Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior , 1972 .

[2]  Anna Goodman,et al.  New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect Study. , 2014, American journal of public health.

[3]  Jennifer Dill,et al.  Bicycle Commuting and Facilities in Major U.S. Cities: If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them , 2003 .

[4]  Hendriek C Boshuizen,et al.  Factors of the physical environment associated with walking and bicycling. , 2004, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[5]  D. Rodriguez,et al.  Mindfulness, time affluence, and journey-based affect: Exploring relationships , 2012 .

[6]  D. Rubin,et al.  Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation , 2006 .

[7]  M. Schroll,et al.  All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[8]  M. Hamer,et al.  Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analytic review. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[9]  Maarten Kroesen,et al.  Promoting Cycling for Transport: Research Needs and Challenges , 2014 .

[10]  M. Brauer,et al.  Built Environment Influences on Healthy Transportation Choices: Bicycling versus Driving , 2010, Journal of urban health.

[11]  Christine M. Hoehner,et al.  Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. , 2005, American journal of preventive medicine.

[12]  H. Nijland,et al.  Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? , 2010, Environmental health perspectives.

[13]  Marlon G. Boarnet,et al.  The influence of land use on travel behavior: specification and estimation strategies , 2001 .

[14]  K. Krizek,et al.  Proximity to Trails and Retail: Effects on Urban Cycling and Walking , 2006 .

[15]  Daniel Fuller,et al.  Impact evaluation of a public bicycle share program on cycling: a case example of BIXI in Montreal, Quebec. , 2013, American journal of public health.

[16]  Luc Nadal,et al.  Bike Sharing Sweeps Paris Off Its Feet , 2007 .

[17]  Daniel A. Rodriguez,et al.  Tradeoffs in incremental changes towards pedestrian-friendly environments: Physical activity and pollution exposure , 2009 .

[18]  Elliot K. Fishman,et al.  The mortality impact of bicycle paths and lanes related to physical activity, air pollution exposure and road safety , 2015 .

[19]  D. Rojas-Rueda,et al.  The health risks and benefits of cycling in urban environments compared with car use: health impact assessment study , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[20]  A. Cheadle,et al.  Cycling and the Built Environment, a US Perspective , 2005 .

[21]  Lorraine Sugar,et al.  The low carbon city development program (LCCDP) guidebook : a systems approach to low carbon development in cities , 2014 .

[22]  Daniel A. Rodriguez,et al.  The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment , 2004 .

[23]  D. Thompson,et al.  Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. , 2008, Journal of physical activity & health.

[24]  C. Borrell,et al.  [Constructing a deprivation index based on census data in large Spanish cities(the MEDEA project)]. , 2008, Gaceta sanitaria.

[25]  D. Levinson,et al.  TRAILS, LANES, OR TRAFFIC: VALUING BICYCLE FACILITIES WITH AN ADAPTIVE STATED PREFERENCE SURVEY , 2007 .

[26]  Chandra R. Bhat,et al.  Commuter Bicyclist Route Choice: Analysis Using a Stated Preference Survey , 2003 .

[27]  Robert Cervero,et al.  Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework , 2002 .

[28]  Jennifer Dill,et al.  Factors Affecting Bicycling Demand , 2007 .

[29]  Catherine Morency,et al.  Walking to transit: An unexpected source of physical activity , 2011 .

[30]  L. Dijkstra,et al.  Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[31]  J. Pucher,et al.  Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review. , 2010, Preventive medicine.

[32]  Michael Duncan,et al.  Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[33]  J. Pucher,et al.  Cycling to work in 90 large American cities: new evidence on the role of bike paths and lanes , 2012 .

[34]  X. Basagaña,et al.  The Added Benefit of Bicycle Commuting on the Regular Amount of Physical Activity Performed. , 2015, American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

[35]  Elliot K. Fishman,et al.  Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature , 2016 .

[36]  A. Khattak,et al.  Can New Urbanism Encourage Physical Activity?: Comparing a New Urbanist Neighborhood with Conventional Suburbs , 2006 .

[37]  A. Herring,et al.  Exploring Associations between Physical Activity and Perceived and Objective Measures of the Built Environment , 2007, Journal of Urban Health.

[38]  Ralph Buehler,et al.  Determinants of bicycle commuting in the Washington, DC region: The role of bicycle parking, cyclist showers, and free car parking at work , 2012 .

[39]  Daniel Fuller,et al.  Use of a new public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada. , 2011, American journal of preventive medicine.

[40]  Daniel A. Rodriguez,et al.  Objective correlates and determinants of bicycle commuting propensity in an urban environment , 2015 .

[41]  Reid Ewing,et al.  Travel and the Built Environment , 2010 .

[42]  R. Kitamura,et al.  A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area , 1997 .

[43]  D. Rubin Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys , 1989 .

[44]  Kees de Hoogh,et al.  Effects of travel mode on exposures to particulate air pollution. , 2008, Environment international.

[45]  Kees Maat,et al.  The effect of work-related factors on the bicycle commute mode choice in the Netherlands , 2013 .

[46]  Luc Int Panis,et al.  Improving health through policies that promote active travel: a review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment. , 2011, Environment international.

[47]  Anna Goodman,et al.  Effectiveness and equity impacts of town-wide cycling initiatives in England: a longitudinal, controlled natural experimental study. , 2013, Social science & medicine.

[48]  Michael Keall,et al.  Increasing active travel: results of a quasi-experimental study of an intervention to encourage walking and cycling , 2015, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[49]  K. Lock,et al.  Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling. , 2011, European journal of public health.

[50]  S. Kahlmeier,et al.  Active transport, physical activity, and body weight in adults: a systematic review. , 2012, American journal of preventive medicine.

[51]  G. Santos,et al.  Factors influencing modal split of commuting journeys in 34 medium-sized European cities , 2013 .

[52]  Brian Caulfield,et al.  Re-cycling a city – Examining the growth of cycling in Dublin , 2014 .

[53]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Short-run and long-run policies for increasing bicycle transportation for daily commuter trips , 1995 .

[54]  Michael Grant,et al.  How Far Out of the Way Will We Travel? , 2010 .

[55]  Elizabeth Deakin,et al.  Sustainable Development & Sustainable Transportation: Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality, and Equity , 2001 .

[56]  Kristiann C Heesch,et al.  Cycling for transport and recreation: Associations with the socio-economic, natural and built environment. , 2015, Health & place.

[57]  Luc Int Panis,et al.  Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review. , 2015, Preventive medicine.

[58]  M. Wardman,et al.  Estimation of the determinants of bicycle mode share for the journey to work using census data , 2007 .

[59]  L. Frank,et al.  Urban form, travel time, and cost relationships with tour complexity and mode choice , 2007 .

[60]  M. Wardman,et al.  Factors influencing the propensity to cycle to work , 2007 .

[61]  V. E. Daniel,et al.  Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter? , 2004 .

[62]  O. Franco,et al.  Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport , 2009, The Lancet.

[63]  Simon Washington,et al.  Barriers and facilitators to public bicycle scheme use : a qualitative approach , 2012 .

[64]  John E Abraham,et al.  Influences on bicycle use , 2007 .

[65]  Kees Maat,et al.  Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature , 2010 .

[66]  John M. Rose,et al.  Applied Choice Analysis , 2015 .

[67]  C. Matthews,et al.  Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[68]  Margaret M. Peden,et al.  World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention , 2004 .

[69]  A. Dannenberg,et al.  Walking and cycling to health: a comparative analysis of city, state, and international data. , 2010, American journal of public health.

[70]  D. Donaire-Gonzalez,et al.  Private and public modes of bicycle commuting: a perspective on attitude and perception. , 2016, European journal of public health.

[71]  J. Sallis,et al.  Many Pathways from Land Use to Health: Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality , 2006 .

[72]  G. Rose,et al.  Promoting transportation cycling for women: the role of bicycle infrastructure. , 2008, Preventive medicine.

[73]  M. F. Domínguez-Berjón,et al.  Construcción de un índice de privación a partir de datos censales en grandes ciudades españolas (Proyecto MEDEA) , 2008 .

[74]  Heather K. Neilson,et al.  Re: "Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women". , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.