In vitro fragmentation efficiency of holmium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (YAG) laser lithotripsy – a comprehensive study encompassing different frequencies, pulse energies, total power levels and laser fibre diameters

To assess the fragmentation (ablation) efficiency of laser lithotripsy along a wide range of pulse energies, frequencies, power settings and different laser fibres, in particular to compare high‐ with low‐frequency lithotripsy using a dynamic and innovative testing procedure free from any human interaction bias.

[1]  Hyun Wook Kang,et al.  Dependence of calculus retropulsion on pulse duration during HO: YAG laser lithotripsy , 2006, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[2]  Christopher S Saigal,et al.  Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. , 2012, European urology.

[3]  Pei Zhong,et al.  In vitro comparison of stone retropulsion and fragmentation of the frequency doubled, double pulse nd:yag laser and the holmium:yag laser. , 2005, The Journal of urology.

[4]  Richard L. Blackmon,et al.  Comparison of holmium:YAG and thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: ablation thresholds, ablation rates, and retropulsion effects. , 2011, Journal of biomedical optics.

[5]  J. Teichman,et al.  Holmium: YAG lithotripsy: optimal power settings. , 1999, Journal of endourology.

[6]  Joel M.H. Teichman,et al.  Laser lithotripsy retropulsion varies with stone mass , 2013, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[7]  Olivier Traxer,et al.  Impact on active scope deflection and irrigation flow of all endoscopic working tools during flexible ureteroscopy. , 2004, European urology.

[8]  Bingqing Wang,et al.  Optimal power settings for Holmium:YAG lithotripsy. , 2012, The Journal of urology.

[9]  M. Bader,et al.  In-vitro comparison of laser-induced lithotripsy on artificial stones by means of different laser systems , 2008 .

[10]  J. Teichman,et al.  Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet lithotripsy efficiency varies with stone composition. , 1998, Urology.

[11]  Nathaniel M. Fried,et al.  Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy using tapered fibers , 2010, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[12]  W. Heisenberg.  Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik , 1927 .

[13]  J. Teichman,et al.  Holmium:YAG lithotripsy efficiency varies with energy density. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[14]  M. Pearle,et al.  Laser lithotripsy and cyanide. , 2000, Journal of endourology.

[15]  G. Preminger,et al.  A comparison of stone damage caused by different modes of shock wave generation. , 1992, The Journal of urology.

[16]  Petr Koranda,et al.  Comparison of Ho:YAG and Er:YAG lasers for lithotripsy , 2009, BiOS.

[17]  Pei Zhong,et al.  In vitro analysis of stone fragmentation ability of the FREDDY laser. , 2003, Journal of endourology.

[18]  S. Bariol,et al.  Evolution of stone management in Australia , 2011, BJU international.

[19]  Bernard Choi,et al.  Dependence of calculus retropulsion dynamics on fiber size and radiant exposure during Ho:YAG lithotripsy. , 2004, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[20]  Pei Zhong,et al.  In vitro comparison of fragmentation efficiency of flexible pneumatic lithotripsy using 2 flexible ureteroscopes. , 2004, The Journal of urology.

[21]  Manoj Monga,et al.  Durability of reusable holmium:YAG laser fibers: a multicenter study. , 2011, The Journal of urology.

[22]  M. Ashby,et al.  Plaster of Paris as a model material for brittle porous solids , 1993 .

[23]  Jin‐Ming Lin,et al.  Measurement of channel depth by using a general microscope based on depth of focus , 2007 .

[24]  A J Welch,et al.  Erbium: YAG versus holmium:YAG lithotripsy. , 2001, The Journal of urology.

[25]  J. Lenoir,et al.  Effectiveness of high-frequency holmium:YAG laser stone fragmentation: the "popcorn effect". , 2008, Journal of endourology.

[26]  Edward M. Messing,et al.  Re: Prevalence of Kidney Stones in the United States Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS, Urologic Diseases in America Project , 2012 .

[27]  B. Matlaga,et al.  Cost-effectiveness treatment strategies for stone disease for the practicing urologist. , 2013, The Urologic clinics of North America.

[28]  Richard L. Blackmon,et al.  Holmium:YAG (λ = 2,120 nm) versus thulium fiber (λ = 1,908 nm) laser lithotripsy , 2010, Lasers in surgery and medicine.