ABSTRACT A field study using simulated rainfall and added inflow was conducted to investigate the effects of incorporated-crop residue and soil condition on rill erosion one year after incorporation of residue. Cornstalk residue was incorporated at rates of 0, 1120, 2240, and 4480 kg/ha. After incorporation of residue, field plots were left undisturbed for one year. Each plot was divided into two soil conditions; 1) freshly tilled, and 2) consolidated. On freshly tilled soil, rill erosion rates were reduced by as much as 30% for the residue rate of 4480 kg/ha compared to the 0 kg/ha treatment. For consolidated soil, residue had little effect on rill erosion. Natural soil consolidation may have masked any residue effect for the undisturbed condition. Average soil loss from the freshly tilled soil was almost twice that from the consolidated soil. Factors that account for the effects of residue incorporation and natural consolidation on rill erosion for soil conditions one year after last disturbance by tillage are presented. The factor values were developed for these study conditions and may vary with other soils and site specific conditions.