Routes of Reference

Routes of reference are quite independent of roots of reference. I am concerned here with the various relationships that may obtain between a term or other sign or symbol and what it refers to, not with how such relationships are established. And since I am thus concerned with structures rather than origins, I shall not be discussing such topics as speechact or so-called causal theories of reference. My subject is the nature and varieties of reference regardless of how or when or why or by whom that reference is effected.