Micrornas in prostate cancer: an overview

Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of cancer mortality after lung tumours. In USA it affects about 2.8 million men and the incidence increases with age in many countries. Therefore, early diagnosis is a very important step for patient clinical evaluation and for a selective and efficient therapy. The study of miRNAs' functions and molecular mechanisms has brought new knowledge in biological processes of cancer. In prostate cancer there is a deregulation of several miRNAs that may function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. The aim of this review is to analyze the progress made to our understanding of the role of miRNA dysregulation in prostate cancer tumourigenesis.

[1]  C. Croce,et al.  Targeting microRNAs in cancer: rationale, strategies and challenges , 2010, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[2]  S. Barni,et al.  Predictors of long-term response to abiraterone in patients with metastastic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a retrospective cohort study , 2016, Oncotarget.

[3]  Giovanni Vanni Frajese,et al.  The Inhibition of the Highly Expressed Mir-221 and Mir-222 Impairs the Growth of Prostate Carcinoma Xenografts in Mice , 2008, PloS one.

[4]  E. Novellino,et al.  Urotensin II receptor on preoperative biopsy is associated with upstaging and upgrading in prostate cancer. , 2015, Future oncology.

[5]  R. Stephens,et al.  Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. , 2006, Cancer cell.

[6]  U. Tirelli,et al.  Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in cancer patients: An Italian multicenter survey , 2016, Oncotarget.

[7]  J. Epstein.  An update of the Gleason grading system. , 2010, The Journal of urology.

[8]  Reuven Agami,et al.  Regulation of the p27Kip1 tumor suppressor by miR‐221 and miR‐222 promotes cancer cell proliferation , 2007 .

[9]  H. Horvitz,et al.  MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers , 2005, Nature.

[10]  S. Buti,et al.  Intermittent docetaxel chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. , 2015, Future oncology.

[11]  Michael A. Beer,et al.  Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[12]  F. Slack,et al.  Oncomirs — microRNAs with a role in cancer , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[13]  X. Yao,et al.  An elevated serum miR-141 level in patients with bone-metastatic prostate cancer is correlated with more bone lesions. , 2013, Asian journal of andrology.

[14]  David W. Taylor,et al.  A Novel miRNA Processing Pathway Independent of Dicer Requires Argonaute2 Catalytic Activity , 2010, Science.

[15]  Naoto Tsuchiya,et al.  Tumor-suppressive miR-34a induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[16]  V. Zagonel,et al.  Clinical outcomes in octogenarians treated with docetaxel as first-line chemotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. , 2016, Future oncology.

[17]  G. Hannon,et al.  A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis , 2010, Nature.

[18]  Emilio Ferrara,et al.  Metronomic administration of Zoledronic Acid and Taxotere combination in castration resistant prostate cancer patients: Phase I ZANTE trial , 2010, Cancer biology & therapy.

[19]  Yeqing Huang,et al.  hsa-miR-135a-1 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and migration by targeting EGFR , 2016, Tumor Biology.

[20]  D. Bartel,et al.  Weak Seed-Pairing Stability and High Target-Site Abundance Decrease the Proficiency of lsy-6 and Other miRNAs , 2011, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[21]  R. Franco,et al.  Molecular and cell biology of testicular germ cell tumors. , 2009, International review of cell and molecular biology.

[22]  R. Franco,et al.  Aurora B expression in post‐puberal testicular germ cell tumours , 2009, Journal of cellular physiology.

[23]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA signatures in human cancers , 2006, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[24]  C. Wood,et al.  Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in androgen-independent but not androgen-stimulated growth of human prostatic carcinoma cells. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[25]  Shadan Ali,et al.  Loss of Let-7 Up-Regulates EZH2 in Prostate Cancer Consistent with the Acquisition of Cancer Stem Cell Signatures That Are Attenuated by BR-DIM , 2012, PloS one.

[26]  Daniel B. Martin,et al.  Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[27]  Wei Wu.  MicroRNA and Cancer , 2011, Methods in Molecular Biology.

[28]  M. Tewari,et al.  MicroRNA profiling: approaches and considerations , 2012, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[29]  Kirsten L. Greene,et al.  Oncogenic microRNA-4534 regulates PTEN pathway in prostate cancer , 2016, Oncotarget.

[30]  E. Lai,et al.  Conserved vertebrate mir-451 provides a platform for Dicer-independent, Ago2-mediated microRNA biogenesis , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[31]  M. Trepel,et al.  Adeno-associated viral vectors and their redirection to cell-type specific receptors. , 2009, Advances in genetics.

[32]  C. Burge,et al.  Conserved Seed Pairing, Often Flanked by Adenosines, Indicates that Thousands of Human Genes are MicroRNA Targets , 2005, Cell.

[33]  Judy Lieberman,et al.  Dysregulation of microRNA biogenesis and gene silencing in cancer , 2015, Science Signaling.

[34]  Michael Fraser,et al.  Genomic, pathological, and clinical heterogeneity as drivers of personalized medicine in prostate cancer. , 2015, Urologic oncology.

[35]  E. Scarpi,et al.  Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts the Clinical Outcome in Patients with mCRPC Treated with Abiraterone , 2016, Front. Pharmacol..

[36]  Jiasun Lu,et al.  Dysregulation of cell cycle related genes and microRNAs distinguish the low- from high-risk of prostate cancer , 2014, Diagnostic Pathology.

[37]  S. Yip,et al.  Expression of microRNAs in the urine of patients with bladder cancer. , 2012, Clinical genitourinary cancer.

[38]  B. G. Blijenberg,et al.  Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  Tsutomu Suzuki,et al.  Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease mediates 3'-end trimming of Argonaute2-cleaved precursor microRNAs. , 2013, Cell reports.

[40]  Peter A. Pinto,et al.  Comprehensive microRNA Profiling of Prostate Cancer , 2013, Journal of Cancer.

[41]  M. Behlke,et al.  Chemical modification and design of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides , 2011, Gene Therapy.

[42]  C. Creighton,et al.  miR-1 and miR-133b Are Differentially Expressed in Patients with Recurrent Prostate Cancer , 2014, PloS one.

[43]  C. Croce,et al.  The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  Taous Khan,et al.  MicroRNAs: synthesis, mechanism, function, and recent clinical trials. , 2010, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[45]  M. Bakhiet,et al.  Increased oncogenic microRNA-18a expression in the peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer: A potential novel non-invasive biomarker. , 2016, Oncology letters.

[46]  G. Tseng,et al.  Oncogenic Activity of miR-650 in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated by Suppression of CSR1 Expression. , 2015, The American journal of pathology.

[47]  Fan Yang,et al.  MicroRNA-382 inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through targeting COUP-TFII. , 2016, Oncology reports.

[48]  M. Fang,et al.  Genomic Profiling Defines Subtypes of Prostate Cancer with the Potential for Therapeutic Stratification , 2013, Clinical Cancer Research.

[49]  J. Weiler,et al.  Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs): ammunition to target miRNAs implicated in human disease? , 2006, Gene Therapy.

[50]  G. Vitale,et al.  Epigenetics in Medullary Thyroid Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapy. , 2016, Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery.

[51]  A. Chokkalingam,et al.  Prostate cancer epidemiology. , 2006, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[52]  A. Evans,et al.  Prostate cancer as a model system for genetic diversity in tumors. , 2011, Advances in cancer research.

[53]  V. Conteduca,et al.  Clinical Outcomes of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Treatments Administered as Third or Fourth Line Following Failure of Docetaxel and Other Second-line Treatment: Results of an Italian Multicentre Study. , 2015, European urology.

[54]  K. Pienta,et al.  Pathogenesis and treatment of prostate cancer bone metastases: targeting the lethal phenotype. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[55]  Giovanni Vanni Frajese,et al.  miR-221 and miR-222 Expression Affects the Proliferation Potential of Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines by Targeting p27Kip1* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[56]  Nara Lee,et al.  Mammalian 5′-Capped MicroRNA Precursors that Generate a Single MicroRNA , 2013, Cell.

[57]  C. Gridelli,et al.  Predictive Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in elderly prostate cancer patients: the prospective observational scoop trial results , 2017, Anti-cancer drugs.

[58]  G. Botti,et al.  The role of tissue microarray in the era of target-based agents , 2011, Expert review of anticancer therapy.

[59]  Phillip D Zamore,et al.  Sequence-Specific Inhibition of Small RNA Function , 2004, PLoS biology.

[60]  D. Vanacore,et al.  HYPOFRACTIONATED VERSUS CONVENTIONAL RADIOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH LOW / INTERMEDIATE-RISK LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER : REVIEW OF RECTAL AND URINARY TOXICITY , 2016 .

[61]  A. Scorilas,et al.  The loss of the tumour-suppressor miR-145 results in the shorter disease-free survival of prostate cancer patients , 2013, British Journal of Cancer.

[62]  M. Caraglia,et al.  miRNA as Prognostic and Therapeutic Targets in Tumor of Male Urogenital Tract , 2016 .

[63]  D. Bartel.  MicroRNAs Genomics, Biogenesis, Mechanism, and Function , 2004, Cell.

[64]  T. Okanoue,et al.  Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissues , 2006, Oncogene.

[65]  L. Lim,et al.  A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network , 2007, Nature.

[66]  Reuven Agami,et al.  Regulation of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation. , 2007, The EMBO journal.

[67]  R. Chakrabarti,et al.  The other face of miR-17-92a cluster, exhibiting tumor suppressor effects in prostate cancer , 2016, Oncotarget.

[68]  Sean M. Hartig,et al.  The tumor suppressive miR-200b subfamily is an ERG target gene in human prostate tumors , 2016, Oncotarget.

[69]  S. Pignata,et al.  Very Early PSA Response to Abiraterone in mCRPC Patients: A Novel Prognostic Factor Predicting Overall Survival , 2016, Front. Pharmacol..

[70]  M. Shen,et al.  Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. , 2010, Genes & development.

[71]  D. Bonci,et al.  MicroRNA as New Tools for Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Intervention: Results from Clinical Data Set and Patients' Samples , 2014, BioMed research international.

[72]  E. Lai,et al.  The Mirtron Pathway Generates microRNA-Class Regulatory RNAs in Drosophila , 2007, Cell.

[73]  E. Galligioni,et al.  Central nervous system metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer in the docetaxel era , 2012, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[74]  F. Hamdy,et al.  Changes in circulating microRNA levels associated with prostate cancer , 2012, British Journal of Cancer.

[75]  Yanjie Lu,et al.  Retracted: Novel approaches for gene‐specific interference via manipulating actions of microRNAs: Examination on the pacemaker channel genes HCN2 and HCN4 , 2007, Journal of cellular physiology.

[76]  M. Marra,et al.  Docetaxel induces p53-dependent apoptosis and synergizes with farnesyl transferase inhibitor r115777 in human epithelial cancer cells. , 2005, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[77]  J. Bailar,et al.  The histology and prognosis of prostatic cancer. , 1967, The Journal of urology.

[78]  Ying Feng,et al.  Supplemental Data P53-mediated Activation of Mirna34 Candidate Tumor-suppressor Genes , 2022 .

[79]  T. Blondal,et al.  Assessing sample and miRNA profile quality in serum and plasma or other biofluids. , 2013, Methods.

[80]  Yeqing Huang,et al.  miRNA-30a functions as a tumor suppressor by downregulating cyclin E2 expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer. , 2016, Molecular medicine reports.

[81]  J. Rossi,et al.  RNAi therapeutics: principles, prospects and challenges. , 2007, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[82]  L. Lim,et al.  MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[83]  Tao Li,et al.  miR-21 as an independent biochemical recurrence predictor and potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. , 2012, The Journal of urology.

[84]  Qihong Huang,et al.  Small-molecule inhibitors of microrna miR-21 function. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[85]  Wun-Jae Kim,et al.  MicroRNAs in prostate cancer , 2012, Prostate international.

[86]  M. Marra,et al.  Molecular and preclinical models enhancing anti-tumour activity of zoledronic acid , 2008 .

[87]  William J Catalona,et al.  Prostate-specific antigen in clinical practice. , 2007, Cancer letters.

[88]  Takaya Saito,et al.  MicroRNAs--targeting and target prediction. , 2010, New biotechnology.

[89]  Hailong Liu,et al.  microRNA-372 Suppresses Migration and Invasion by Targeting p65 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. , 2016, DNA and cell biology.

[90]  D. Bartel,et al.  Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing , 2007, Nature.

[91]  A. Schier,et al.  Target Protectors Reveal Dampening and Balancing of Nodal Agonist and Antagonist by miR-430 , 2007, Science.

[92]  Jianjun Chen,et al.  MicroRNAs in cancer biology and therapy: Current status and perspectives , 2014, Genes & diseases.

[93]  Semih Ekimler,et al.  Computational Methods for MicroRNA Target Prediction , 2014, Genes.

[94]  J. Wengel,et al.  LNA (locked nucleic acid): high-affinity targeting of complementary RNA and DNA. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[95]  L. Butler,et al.  Molecular pathology and prostate cancer therapeutics: from biology to bedside , 2014, The Journal of pathology.

[96]  Shu Yang,et al.  Androgen-induced miR-27A acted as a tumor suppressor by targeting MAP2K4 and mediated prostate cancer progression. , 2016, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[97]  Thomas Wiegel,et al.  EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised disease. , 2011, European urology.

[98]  Eugene Berezikov,et al.  Mammalian mirtron genes. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[99]  A. Jarkowski,et al.  A new era for castrate resistant prostate cancer: A treatment review and update , 2012, Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners.

[100]  P. Tassone,et al.  Tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes expressing FoxP3, CCR7 or PD-1 predict the outcome of prostate cancer patients subjected to salvage radiotherapy after biochemical relapse , 2016, Cancer biology & therapy.

[101]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. , 2005, Cancer research.

[102]  H. Kung,et al.  Oncomir miR-125b Suppresses p14ARF to Modulate p53-Dependent and p53-Independent Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer , 2013, PloS one.

[103]  R. Vyzula,et al.  Altered Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 Is Related to Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer , 2008, Oncology.

[104]  A. Barbieri,et al.  Mouse Models in Prostate Cancer Translational Research: From Xenograft to PDX , 2016, BioMed research international.

[105]  C. Burge,et al.  Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. , 2008, Genome research.

[106]  Hailong Wu,et al.  p53 represses c-Myc through induction of the tumor suppressor miR-145 , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[107]  Moshe Oren,et al.  Transcriptional activation of miR-34a contributes to p53-mediated apoptosis. , 2007, Molecular cell.

[108]  T. Hwang,et al.  Tumor suppressor miRNA-204-5p promotes apoptosis by targeting BCL2 in prostate cancer cells. , 2017, Asian journal of surgery.

[109]  M. Caraglia,et al.  Gene interference strategies as a new tool for the treatment of prostate cancer , 2015, Endocrine.

[110]  G. Calin,et al.  MicroRNAs in body fluids—the mix of hormones and biomarkers , 2011, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.

[111]  S. Lawler,et al.  MicroRNAs in cancer: biomarkers, functions and therapy. , 2014, Trends in molecular medicine.