Polymeric piezoelectric actuator substrate for osteoblast mechanical stimulation.

Bone mass distribution and structure are dependent on mechanical stress and adaptive response at cellular and tissue levels. Mechanical stimulation of bone induces new bone formation in vivo and increases the metabolic activity and gene expression of osteoblasts in culture. A wide variety of devices have been tested for mechanical stimulation of cells and tissues in vitro. The aim of this work was to experimentally validate the possibility to use piezoelectric materials as a mean of mechanical stimulation of bone cells, by converse piezoelectric effect. To estimate the magnitude and the distribution of strain, finite numerical models were applied and the results were complemented with the optical tests (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometric Process). In this work, osteoblasts were grown on the surface of a piezoelectric material, both in static and dynamic conditions at low frequencies, and total protein, cell viability and nitric oxide measurement comparisons are presented.

[1]  P. O'Brien,et al.  Evaluation of alamar blue reduction for the in vitro assay of hepatocyte toxicity. , 1999, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[2]  S. M. Sims,et al.  Estimating the sensitivity of mechanosensitive ion channels to membrane strain and tension. , 2004, Biophysical journal.

[3]  J. Frangos,et al.  Equibiaxial strain and strain rate stimulate early activation of G proteins in cardiac fibroblasts. , 1998, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[4]  M. Lewandowska-Szumieł,et al.  Osteoblast response to the elastic strain of metallic support. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[5]  Hiroki Yokota,et al.  Effects of broad frequency vibration on cultured osteoblasts. , 2003, Journal of biomechanics.

[6]  F. Braga,et al.  Characterization of PVDF/HAP composites for medical applications , 2007 .

[7]  R. Saura,et al.  Effect of nitric oxide on mouse clonal osteogenic cell, MC3T3-E1, proliferation in vitro. , 2001, The Kobe journal of medical sciences.

[8]  N. Sriranganathan,et al.  A dye-based lymphocyte proliferation assay that permits multiple immunological analyses: mRNA, cytogenetic, apoptosis, and immunophenotyping studies. , 1997, Journal of immunological methods.

[9]  C. Turner,et al.  Stochastic resonance in osteogenic response to mechanical loading , 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[10]  J. Klein-Nulend,et al.  MECHANOTRANSDUCTION IN BONE : ROLE OF THE LACUNOCANALICULAR NETWORK , 1999 .

[11]  R. Zernicke,et al.  High-impact exercise and growing bone: relation between high strain rates and enhanced bone formation. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[12]  T. Skerry,et al.  Inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of formation by mechanical loading of the modeling rat ulna in vivo , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[13]  C. Turner,et al.  Effects of Loading Frequency on Mechanically Induced Bone Formation , 2001, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[14]  C. Jacobs,et al.  Gap junctions and fluid flow response in MC3T3-E1 cells. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[15]  C. Turner,et al.  Activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) by fluid shear is Ca(2+)- and ATP-dependent in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. , 2008, Bone.

[16]  D. Klee,et al.  Sterilization effects on starPEG coated polymer surfaces: characterization and cell viability , 2008, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[17]  Mechanical stimulation of osteoblasts using steady and dynamic fluid flow. , 2008 .

[18]  M P Akhter,et al.  Bone-loading response varies with strain magnitude and cycle number. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[19]  C. Turner,et al.  Skeletal adaptations to mechanical usage: results from tibial loading studies in rats. , 1995, Bone.

[20]  S. Palle,et al.  Effects of physical training on bone adaptation in three zones of the rat tibia , 1995, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[21]  D. Burr,et al.  Recovery periods restore mechanosensitivity to dynamically loaded bone. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[22]  Theo H Smit,et al.  Bone cell responses to high‐frequency vibration stress: does the nucleus oscillate within the cytoplasm? , 2006, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[23]  S. Leprêtre,et al.  Functionalization of PVDF membranes with carbohydrate derivates for the controlled delivery of chlorhexidin. , 2007, Biomolecular engineering.

[24]  L. Ignarro,et al.  Oxidation of nitric oxide in aqueous solution to nitrite but not nitrate: comparison with enzymatically formed nitric oxide from L-arginine. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  D. Burr,et al.  Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals. , 2002, Bone.

[26]  J. McGarry,et al.  Stimulation of nitric oxide mechanotransduction in single osteoblasts using atomic force microscopy , 2008, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[27]  J. Rubin,et al.  Response to mechanical strain in an immortalized pre‐osteoblast cell is dependent on ERK1/2 , 2006, Journal of Cellular Physiology.

[28]  T. Smit,et al.  Extracellular NO signalling from a mechanically stimulated osteocyte. , 2007, Journal of biomechanics.

[29]  L. Lanyon,et al.  Mechanical strain and fluid movement both activate extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in osteoblast-like cells but via different signaling pathways. , 2002, Bone.

[30]  T J Chambers,et al.  Induction of NO and prostaglandin E2 in osteoblasts by wall-shear stress but not mechanical strain. , 1997, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[31]  P. Krebsbach,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of MC3T3‐E1 Preosteoblast Subclones with Distinct In Vitro and In Vivo Differentiation/Mineralization Potential , 1999, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[32]  I. Owan,et al.  Mechanotransduction in bone: role of strain rate. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[33]  Lutz Claes,et al.  Proliferation of human-derived osteoblast-like cells depends on the cycle number and frequency of uniaxial strain. , 2002, Journal of biomechanics.

[34]  T. Young,et al.  The effect of chitosan and PVDF substrates on the behavior of embryonic rat cerebral cortical stem cells. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[35]  D. Witte,et al.  Discordant Expression of Osteoblast Markers in MC3T3-E1 Cells that Synthesize a High Turnover Matrix (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[36]  S. Ahmed,et al.  A new rapid and simple non-radioactive assay to monitor and determine the proliferation of lymphocytes: an alternative to [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. , 1994, Journal of immunological methods.

[37]  Eiichi Fukada,et al.  On the Piezoelectric Effect of Bone , 1957 .

[38]  S M Tanaka,et al.  A new mechanical stimulator for cultured bone cells using piezoelectric actuator. , 1999, Journal of biomechanics.

[39]  C. Chung,et al.  Serial passage of MC3T3-E1 cells alters osteoblastic function and responsiveness to transforming growth factor-beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein-2. , 1999, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[40]  T D Brown,et al.  Techniques for mechanical stimulation of cells in vitro: a review. , 2000, Journal of biomechanics.

[41]  J. Ong,et al.  Ultrasound effect on osteoblast precursor cells in trabecular calcium phosphate scaffolds. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[42]  Y. Amagai,et al.  In vitro differentiation and calcification in a new clonal osteogenic cell line derived from newborn mouse calvaria , 1983, The Journal of cell biology.

[43]  S. Wimalawansa,et al.  Nitric oxide and bone , 2010, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.