The Role of Ethylene Production in Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola.

ABSTRACT The importance of ethylene production for virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola was assayed by comparing bacterial multiplication and symptom development in bean and soybean plants inoculated with ethylene-negative (efe) mutants and wild-type strains. The efe mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were significantly reduced in their ability to grow in planta. However, the degree of reduction was strain-dependent. Population sizes of efe mutant 16/83-E1 that did not produce the phototoxin coronatine were 10- and 15-fold lower than those of the wild-type strain on soybean and on bean, and 16/83-E1 produced very weak symptoms compared with the wild-type strain. The coronatine-producing efe mutant 7a/90-E1 reached fourfold and twofold lower population sizes compared with the wild-type strain on soybean and bean, respectively, and caused disease symptoms typical of the wild-type strain. Experiments with ethylene-insensitive soybeans confirmed these results. The virulence of the wild-type strains was reduced to the same extent in ethylene-insensitive soybean plants as the virulence of the efe mutants in ethylene-susceptible soybeans. In contrast, the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was not affected by disruption of the efe gene.

[1]  R. Biggs,et al.  Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in citrus leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri , 1991 .

[2]  K. Nagahama,et al.  Classification of ethylene-producing bacteria in terms of biosynthetic pathways to ethylene , 1992 .

[3]  S. Tanase,et al.  Molecular cloning in Escherichia coli, expression, and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the ethylene-forming enzyme of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola PK2. , 1992, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[4]  P. Bugert,et al.  Identification and relatedness of coronatine-producing Pseudomonas syringae pathovars by PCR analysis and sequence determination of the amplification products , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[5]  F. Sato,et al.  Plant pathogenesis-related proteins: molecular mechanisms of gene expression and protein function. , 1999, Journal of biochemistry.

[6]  H. Weingart,et al.  Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars In Vitro and In Planta , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[7]  R. E. Stall,et al.  Chlorosis and ethylene production in pepper leaves infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria , 1984 .

[8]  M. Ullrich,et al.  Comparison of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum. , 1999, Phytopathology.

[9]  H. Hyodo,et al.  Ethylene production in citrus leaves infected with Xanthomonas citri and its relation to defoliation , 1980 .

[10]  D. Kobayashi,et al.  Improved broad-host-range plasmids for DNA cloning in gram-negative bacteria. , 1988, Gene.

[11]  K. Geider,et al.  A plasmid cloning system utilizing replication and packaging functions of the filamentous bacteriophage fd. , 1985, Gene.

[12]  P. Reymond,et al.  Jasmonate and salicylate as global signals for defense gene expression. , 1998, Current opinion in plant biology.

[13]  Y. Bashan,et al.  Ethylene production in pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria , 1986 .

[14]  T. Ogawa,et al.  The Role of NADH : Fe(III)EDTA Oxidoreductase in Ethylene Formation from 2-Keto-4-Methylthiobutyrate , 1990 .

[15]  Y. Takikawa,et al.  Identification of the pathogens responsible for bacteriosis of tea plant occurred in 1983. , 1988 .

[16]  B. Völksch,et al.  Antagonistic Activities of Epiphytic Bacteria from Soybean Leaves against Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea in vitro and in planta , 1997, Microbial Ecology.

[17]  E. Weiler,et al.  The Pseudomonas phytotoxin coronatine mimics octadecanoid signalling molecules of higher plants , 1994, FEBS letters.

[18]  Y. Takikawa,et al.  Ethylene Production by the Kudzu Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Causing Halo Blight in Pueraria lobata (Willd) Ohwi , 1985 .

[19]  K. Davis,et al.  Role of the phytotoxin coronatine in the infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. , 1995, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[20]  B. Völksch,et al.  Toxin production by pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and their antagonistic activities against epiphytic microorganisms , 1998, Journal of basic microbiology.

[21]  B. Feys,et al.  Arabidopsis Mutants Selected for Resistance to the Phytotoxin Coronatine Are Male Sterile, Insensitive to Methyl Jasmonate, and Resistant to a Bacterial Pathogen. , 1994, The Plant cell.

[22]  J. Ecker,et al.  Disease development in ethylene-insensitive Arabidopsis thaliana infected with virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas pathogens. , 1992, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[23]  Xinnian Dong,et al.  SA, JA, ethylene, and disease resistance in plants. , 1998, Current opinion in plant biology.

[24]  D. Cronshaw,et al.  The relationship of in vitro to in vivo ethylene production in Pseudomonas solanacearum infection of tomato , 1976 .

[25]  C. Bender,et al.  Reduced pathogen fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Tn5 mutants defective in coronatine production , 1987 .

[26]  Harry J. Klee,et al.  Ethylene Regulates the Susceptible Response to Pathogen Infection in Tomato , 1998, Plant Cell.

[27]  A. Bent,et al.  Isolation of ethylene-insensitive soybean mutants that are altered in pathogen susceptibility and gene-for-gene disease resistance , 1999, Plant physiology.

[28]  D. Gross,et al.  Analysis of the syrP gene, which regulates syringomycin synthesis by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[29]  S. Tanase,et al.  Two reactions are simultaneously catalyzed by a single enzyme: the arginine-dependent simultaneous formation of two products, ethylene and succinate, from 2-oxoglutarate by an enzyme from Pseudomonas syringae. , 1992, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[30]  King Eo,et al.  Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. , 1954 .

[31]  A. Pühler,et al.  A Broad Host Range Mobilization System for In Vivo Genetic Engineering: Transposon Mutagenesis in Gram Negative Bacteria , 1983, Bio/Technology.

[32]  A. Ichihara,et al.  Coronatine, a Bacterial Phytotoxin, acts as a Stereospecific Analog of Jasmonate Type Signals in Tomato Cells and Potato Tißues , 1995 .

[33]  K. Watanabe,et al.  Detection of New Ethylene-Producing Bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae pvs. cannabina and sesami, by PCR Amplification of Genes for the Ethylene-Forming Enzyme. , 1997, Phytopathology.