Photoelectric Detectors Based on Inorganic p‐Type Semiconductor Materials

Photoelectric detectors are the central part of modern photodetection systems with numerous commercial and scientific applications. p-Type semiconductor materials play important roles in optoelectronic devices. Photodetectors based on p-type semiconductor materials have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of their unique properties. Here, a comprehensive summary of the recent progress mainly on photodetectors based on inorganic p-type semiconductor materials is presented. Various structures, including photoconductors, phototransistors, homojunctions, heterojunctions, p-i-n junctions, and metal-semiconductor junctions of photodetectors based on inorganic p-type semiconductor materials, are discussed and summarized. Perspectives and an outlook, highlighting the promising future directions of this research field, are also given.

[1]  Lingxia Zheng,et al.  Broadband Photoresponse Enhancement of a High‐Performance t‐Se Microtube Photodetector by Plasmonic Metallic Nanoparticles , 2016 .

[2]  Bin Zhao,et al.  An Ultrahigh Responsivity (9.7 mA W−1) Self‐Powered Solar‐Blind Photodetector Based on Individual ZnO–Ga2O3 Heterostructures , 2017 .

[3]  Jiecai Han,et al.  Single crystal diamond UV detector with a groove-shaped electrode structure and enhanced sensitivity , 2017 .

[4]  N. Wu,et al.  Microsized BiOCl Square Nanosheets as Ultraviolet Photodetectors and Photocatalysts. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[5]  Jun‐Jie Zhu,et al.  Individual HfS3 nanobelt for field-effect transistor and high performance visible-light detector , 2014 .

[6]  H. Cheng,et al.  Micelle‐Mediated Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline Selenium Nanotubes , 2004 .

[7]  T. Hsueh,et al.  Water- and humidity-enhanced UV detector by using p-type La-doped ZnO nanowires on flexible polyimide substrate. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[8]  T. Zhai,et al.  One-step synthesis of p-type GaSe nanoribbons and their excellent performance in photodetectors and phototransistors , 2016 .

[9]  D. Geohegan,et al.  Highly sensitive phototransistors based on two-dimensional GaTe nanosheets with direct bandgap , 2014, Nano Research.

[10]  D. Knoll,et al.  High bandwidth, high responsivity waveguide-coupled germanium p-i-n photodiode. , 2015, Optics express.

[11]  Jaewoong Lee,et al.  Air-stable, solution-processed oxide p-n heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[12]  Paul L. Burn,et al.  Filterless narrowband visible photodetectors , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[13]  R. Ismail,et al.  Preparation of high-sensitivity In2S3/Si heterojunction photodetector by chemical spray pyrolysis , 2016 .

[14]  Xinge Yu,et al.  Metal oxides for optoelectronic applications. , 2016, Nature materials.

[15]  Tetsuya Yamamoto,et al.  Codoping for the fabrication of p-type ZnO , 2002 .

[16]  Claudia Ruppert,et al.  Optical properties and band gap of single- and few-layer MoTe2 crystals. , 2014, Nano letters.

[17]  H. Duan,et al.  High performance, self-powered UV-photodetector based on ultrathin, transparent, SnO2–TiO2 core–shell electrodes , 2014 .

[18]  Tae-Jun Ha,et al.  Ultrasensitive Room-Temperature Operable Gas Sensors Using p-Type Na:ZnO Nanoflowers for Diabetes Detection. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[19]  Xiwei Zhang,et al.  Construction of ZnSe–ZnO axial p–n junctions via regioselective oxidation process and their photo-detection applications , 2015 .

[20]  Guowei Yang,et al.  Flexible, transparent and ultra-broadband photodetector based on large-area WSe2 film for wearable devices , 2016, Nanotechnology.

[21]  M. Liao,et al.  Ultraviolet Detectors Based on Ultraviolet–Ozone Modified Hydrogenated Diamond Surfaces , 2009 .

[22]  Y. Cho,et al.  Tetragonal phase germanium nanocrystals in lithium ion batteries. , 2013, ACS nano.

[23]  H. Al‐Jawhari.  A review of recent advances in transparent p-type Cu2O-based thin film transistors , 2015 .

[24]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Black phosphorus-monolayer MoS2 van der Waals heterojunction p-n diode. , 2014, ACS nano.

[25]  Xinming Li,et al.  Hybrid graphene tunneling photoconductor with interface engineering towards fast photoresponse and high responsivity , 2017, npj 2D Materials and Applications.

[26]  D. Shen,et al.  A highly efficient UV photodetector based on a ZnO microwire p–n homojunction , 2014 .

[27]  D. Shen,et al.  Reliable self-powered highly spectrum-selective ZnO ultraviolet photodetectors , 2013 .

[28]  J. Yu,et al.  Facile preparation and optoelectronic properties of CuO nanowires for violet light sensing , 2014 .

[29]  Li Wang,et al.  Surface induced negative photoconductivity in p-type ZnSe : Bi nanowires and their nano-optoelectronic applications , 2011 .

[30]  D. Shen,et al.  Self-powered spectrum-selective photodetectors fabricated from n-ZnO/p-NiO core–shell nanowire arrays , 2013 .

[31]  Hao Jiang,et al.  All AlGaN epitaxial structure solar-blind avalanche photodiodes with high efficiency and high gain , 2016 .

[32]  Zhi-Min Liao,et al.  Electrical and photoresponse properties of an intramolecular p-n homojunction in single phosphorus-doped ZnO nanowires. , 2009, Nano letters.

[33]  D. Basak,et al.  Solution-processed novel core–shell n–p heterojunction and its ultrafast UV photodetection properties , 2012 .

[34]  C. Du,et al.  High-performance Schottky heterojunction photodetector with directly grown graphene nanowalls as electrodes. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[35]  F. Wang,et al.  Scalable Synthesis of Highly Crystalline MoSe2 and Its Ambipolar Behavior. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[36]  Tingting Xu,et al.  Construction of ZnTe nanowires/Si p–n heterojunctions for electronic and optoelectronic applications , 2016 .

[37]  M. Chi,et al.  Controlled Vapor Phase Growth of Single Crystalline, Two-Dimensional GaSe Crystals with High Photoresponse , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[38]  Q. Hou,et al.  Effects on the optical properties and conductivity of Ag–N co-doped ZnO , 2017 .

[39]  Jian Sun,et al.  Fast response ultraviolet photoconductive detectors based on Ga-doped ZnO films grown by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering , 2010 .

[40]  Zhiming M. Wang,et al.  Recent progress in van der Waals heterojunctions. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[41]  S. Chakrabarti,et al.  Effect of annealing temperature on optical and electrical properties of nitrogen implanted p-type ZnMgO thin films , 2015, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[42]  L. Dai,et al.  CdSe Nanowire-Based Flexible Devices: Schottky Diodes, Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors, and Inverters. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[43]  Li Wang,et al.  Transparent and flexible selenium nanobelt-based visible light photodetector , 2012 .

[44]  Wei Wang,et al.  In-situ gallium-doping for forming p+ germanium-tin and application in germanium-tin p-i-n photodetector , 2016 .

[45]  Meiyong Liao,et al.  A Comprehensive Review of Semiconductor Ultraviolet Photodetectors: From Thin Film to One-Dimensional Nanostructures , 2013, Sensors.

[46]  Yugang Zhang,et al.  Construction of crossed heterojunctions from p-ZnTe and n-CdSe nanoribbons and their photoresponse properties , 2014 .

[47]  Itamar Balla,et al.  Scanning Probe Nanopatterning and Layer‐by‐Layer Thinning of Black Phosphorus , 2017, Advanced materials.

[48]  Aditya D. Mohite,et al.  High‐Sensitivity p–n Junction Photodiodes Based on PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots , 2012 .

[49]  Low-temperature-grown p-n ZnO nanojunction arrays as rapid and self-driven UV photodetectors. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[50]  Xin Li,et al.  A self-powered ultraviolet detector based on a single ZnO microwire/p-Si film with double heterojunctions. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[51]  H. Du,et al.  A high-performance UV/visible photodetector of Cu2O/ZnO hybrid nanofilms on SWNT-based flexible conducting substrates , 2014 .

[52]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Large-Scale Hexagonal-Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanorods for Nano-optoelectronics and Nanosensor Arrays. , 2004, Nano letters.

[53]  Yi Yin,et al.  Synthesis of single-crystalline GeS nanoribbons for high sensitivity visible-light photodetectors , 2015 .

[54]  Hao Li,et al.  Near-Infrared Photodetector Based on MoS2/Black Phosphorus Heterojunction , 2016 .

[55]  Meiyong Liao,et al.  Ultrahigh external quantum efficiency from thin SnO2 nanowire ultraviolet photodetectors. , 2011, Small.

[56]  Richard B. Jackman,et al.  Polycrystalline diamond photoconductive device with high UV‐visible discrimination , 1995 .

[57]  Tianyou Zhai,et al.  Ultrathin Single‐Crystalline Boron Nanosheets for Enhanced Electro‐Optical Performances , 2015, Advanced science.

[58]  S. Ray,et al.  Hydrothermal growth of few layer 2H-MoS2 for heterojunction photodetector and visible light induced photocatalytic applications , 2016 .

[59]  A Self-Powered Fast-Response Ultraviolet Detector of p–n Homojunction Assembled from Two ZnO-Based Nanowires , 2016, Nano-micro letters.

[60]  Nathan Youngblood,et al.  Waveguide-integrated black phosphorus photodetector with high responsivity and low dark current , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[61]  Challenges and opportunities of ZnO-related single crystalline heterostructures , 2013, 1311.5088.

[62]  Chao Xie,et al.  Photodetectors Based on Two‐Dimensional Layered Materials Beyond Graphene , 2017 .

[63]  Xiaosheng Fang,et al.  Self-Powered Ultraviolet Photodetectors Driven by Built-In Electric Field. , 2017, Small.

[64]  L. J. Mandalapu,et al.  p-type behavior from Sb-doped ZnO heterojunction photodiodes , 2006 .

[65]  A. Morita,et al.  Semiconducting black phosphorus , 1986 .

[66]  Jae Kyeong Jeong,et al.  Fermi-level unpinning in Pt/Al2O3/GaSb PMOS capacitors by sulphurization and rapid thermal annealing of GaSb surfaces , 2016 .

[67]  G. Konstantatos,et al.  Hybrid graphene-quantum dot phototransistors with ultrahigh gain. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[68]  Multistrip synthetic single-crystal-diamond photodiode based on a p-type/intrinsic/Schottky metal transverse configuration , 2011 .

[69]  Ali Aldalbahi,et al.  A new approach for fabrications of SiC based photodetectors , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[70]  Adarsh Sandhu,et al.  Thickness dependence on the optoelectronic properties of multilayered GaSe based photodetector , 2016, Nanotechnology.

[71]  Tingting Xu,et al.  Fabrication of p-type ZnTe NW/In Schottky diodes for high-speed photodetectors , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[72]  A. Nozik.  Nanophotonics: Making the most of photons. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[73]  Minqiang Wang,et al.  Developing Seedless Growth of ZnO Micro/Nanowire Arrays towards ZnO/FeS2/CuI P-I-N Photodiode Application , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[74]  Jian Huang,et al.  Growth of p-type ZnO films and fabrication of ZnO photodiode-based UV detectors , 2009 .

[75]  W. Zhang,et al.  ZnO homojunction ultraviolet photodetector based on p-type dual-doped film and n-type nanorods , 2015 .

[76]  Shui-Tong Lee,et al.  Tunable p-type conductivity and transport properties of AlN nanowires via Mg doping. , 2011, ACS nano.

[77]  Dong Hee Shin,et al.  High photoresponsivity in an all-graphene p–n vertical junction photodetector , 2014, Nature Communications.

[78]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Highly Flexible Hybrid CMOS Inverter Based on Si Nanomembrane and Molybdenum Disulfide. , 2016, Small.

[79]  Raed Hashaikeh,et al.  Electrospun copper oxide nanofibers as infrared photodetectors , 2015 .

[80]  Xiaoshuang Chen,et al.  The study of ambipolar behavior in phosphorene field-effect transistors , 2016 .

[81]  Haibo Zeng,et al.  Lateral black phosphorene P–N junctions formed via chemical doping for high performance near-infrared photodetector , 2016 .

[82]  Oriol López Sánchez,et al.  Highly Oriented Atomically Thin Ambipolar MoSe2 Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy , 2017, ACS Nano.

[83]  L. P. Purohit,et al.  Electrical and optical properties of p-type codoped ZnO thin films prepared by spin coating technique , 2016 .

[84]  F. Capasso,et al.  Study of photocurrent generation in InP nanowire-based p+-i-n+ photodetectors , 2014, Nano Research.

[85]  Performance investigation of p-i-n ZnO-based thin film homojunction ultraviolet photodetectors , 2012 .

[86]  Wei Ji,et al.  High-mobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, Nature communications.

[87]  Hsien-Ming Chiu,et al.  Opto-electrical properties and chemisorption reactivity of Ga-doped ZnO nanopagodas , 2013 .

[88]  Photoconductivity of few-layered p-WSe2 phototransistors via multi-terminal measurements , 2016, 1609.08704.

[89]  S. Mohammad Nejad,et al.  Recent advances in ultraviolet photodetectors , 2015 .

[90]  Shinji Nakagomi,et al.  Deep ultraviolet photodiodes based on β-Ga2O3/SiC heterojunction , 2013 .

[91]  J. Luther,et al.  Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell , 2011, Science.

[92]  Qi Zhang,et al.  ZnSe nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and applications , 2016 .

[93]  Bin Liu,et al.  Single‐Crystalline p‐Type Zn3As2 Nanowires for Field‐Effect Transistors and Visible‐Light Photodetectors on Rigid and Flexible Substrates , 2013 .

[94]  Yan Liu,et al.  Solution synthesis of ultrathin single-crystalline SnS nanoribbons for photodetectors via phase transition and surface processing. , 2012, ACS nano.

[95]  Pingping Yu,et al.  Ultrasensitive Self-Powered Solar-Blind Deep-Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on All-Solid-State Polyaniline/MgZnO Bilayer. , 2016, Small.

[96]  J. Seto.  The electrical properties of polycrystalline silicon films , 1975 .

[97]  Xiwei Zhang,et al.  Surface-dominated negative photoresponse of phosphorus-doped ZnSe nanowires and their detecting performance , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[98]  M. Dutta,et al.  N Doping and Al-N Co-doping in Sol–Gel ZnO Films: Studies of Their Structural, Electrical, Optical, and Photoconductive Properties , 2009 .

[99]  Liang Li,et al.  Self-Powered Nanoscale Photodetectors. , 2017, Small.

[100]  R. Schaller,et al.  High-efficiency carrier multiplication through direct photogeneration of multi-excitons via virtual single-exciton states , 2005 .

[101]  M. Kumar,et al.  Co-evaporated SnS thin films for visible light photodetector applications , 2016 .

[102]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Controlled Sculpture of Black Phosphorus Nanoribbons. , 2016, ACS nano.

[103]  Lin Wei,et al.  Self-powered solid-state photodetector based on TiO2 nanorod/spiro-MeOTAD heterojunction , 2013 .

[104]  Dongfang Zhao,et al.  Sandwich-structured Cu2O photodetectors enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonances , 2015 .

[105]  Hai Zhu,et al.  High Spectrum Selectivity Ultraviolet Photodetector Fabricated from an n-ZnO/p-GaN Heterojunction , 2008 .

[106]  Linfeng Hu,et al.  Low‐Dimensional Nanostructure Ultraviolet Photodetectors , 2013, Advanced materials.

[107]  G. Shen,et al.  Flexible photodetectors with single-crystalline GaTe nanowires , 2014 .

[108]  Y. Tu,et al.  Au nanoparticle-decorated silicon pyramids for plasmon-enhanced hot electron near-infrared photodetection , 2017, Nanotechnology.

[109]  P. Yadav,et al.  Optical and electrical properties of Cu-based all oxide semi-transparent photodetector , 2016 .

[110]  C. Jagadish,et al.  Room temperature GaAsSb single nanowire infrared photodetectors , 2015, Nanotechnology.

[111]  Jörg Schulze,et al.  Germanium-tin p-i-n photodetectors integrated on silicon grown by molecular beam epitaxy , 2011 .

[112]  Peng Liu,et al.  Photoconductivity of single-crystalline selenium nanotubes , 2007, cond-mat/0702088.

[113]  P. Hu,et al.  Solid-state reaction synthesis of two-dimensional CuGaSe2 nanosheets for high performance photodetectors. , 2014, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[114]  M. Terrones,et al.  Photosensor Device Based on Few‐Layered WS2 Films , 2013 .

[115]  Pingping Yu,et al.  Scalable-Production, Self-Powered TiO2 Nanowell-Organic Hybrid UV Photodetectors with Tunable Performances. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[116]  L. Tu,et al.  Interplay of the photovoltaic and photoconductive operation modes in visible-blind photodetectors based on axial p-i-n junction GaN nanowires , 2014 .

[117]  Lan Jiang,et al.  Fast Growth of GaN Epilayers via Laser-Assisted Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition for Ultraviolet Photodetector Applications. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[119]  Jin-Pyo Hong,et al.  Solution processed vertically stacked ZnO sheet-like nanorod p–n homojunctions and their application as UV photodetectors , 2016 .

[120]  Wonbong Choi,et al.  Highly sensitive wide bandwidth photodetector based on internal photoemission in CVD grown p-type MoS2/graphene Schottky junction. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[121]  S. Im,et al.  Electric and Photovoltaic Behavior of a Few‐Layer α‐MoTe2/MoS2 Dichalcogenide Heterojunction , 2016, Advanced materials.

[122]  F. Xia,et al.  High-throughput silicon nanophotonic wavelength-insensitive switch for on-chip optical networks , 2008 .

[123]  F. Liang,et al.  Highly sensitive UVA and violet photodetector based on single-layer graphene-TiO2 heterojunction. , 2016, Optics express.

[124]  Zuxun Zhang,et al.  Multifunctional CuO nanowire devices: p-type field effect transistors and CO gas sensors , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[125]  Wenhao Zhai,et al.  Ultrasensitive Near-Infrared Photodetectors Based on a Graphene-MoTe2-Graphene Vertical van der Waals Heterostructure. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[126]  Angel Rubio,et al.  New boron based nanostructured materials , 1999 .

[127]  A. Seitsonen,et al.  Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons , 2010, Nature.

[128]  Gebo Pan,et al.  Facile microwave-assisted synthesis of uniform Sb2Se3 nanowires for high performance photodetectors , 2014 .

[129]  Takashi Taniguchi,et al.  Lateral MoS2 p-n junction formed by chemical doping for use in high-performance optoelectronics. , 2014, ACS nano.

[130]  Chien-Yie Tsay,et al.  Growth and characterization of sol-gel derived CuGaO 2 semiconductor thin films for UV photodetector application , 2017 .

[131]  Junichiro Kono,et al.  Optoelectronic Properties of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes , 2012, Advanced materials.

[132]  Huibiao Liu,et al.  Graphdiyne:ZnO Nanocomposites for High‐Performance UV Photodetectors , 2016, Advanced materials.

[133]  Meiyong Liao,et al.  Thermally stable visible-blind diamond photodiode using tungsten carbide Schottky contact , 2005 .

[134]  Weihua Tang,et al.  β-Ga2O3/p-Si heterojunction solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector with enhanced photoelectric responsivity , 2016 .

[135]  Kang L. Wang,et al.  Self-aligned graphene oxide nanoribbon stack with gradient bandgap for visible-light photodetection , 2016 .

[136]  Younan Xia,et al.  A Sonochemical Approach to the Synthesis of Crystalline Selenium Nanowires in Solutions and on Solid Supports , 2002 .

[137]  Langis Roy,et al.  High-responsivity sub-bandgap hot-hole plasmonic Schottky detectors. , 2016, Optics express.

[138]  Likai Li,et al.  Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[139]  Yinghua Zhang,et al.  Self-powered UV–visible photodetectors based on ZnO/Cu2O nanowire/electrolyte heterojunctions , 2016 .

[140]  B. Wunderlich,et al.  EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SELENIUM , 1982 .

[141]  Xinhua Pan,et al.  ZnO homojunction UV photodetector based on solution-grown Sb-doped p-type ZnO nanorods and pure n-type ZnO nanorods , 2015 .

[142]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. , 2014, ACS nano.

[143]  Le Cai,et al.  Black Phosphorus Schottky Diodes: Channel Length Scaling and Application as Photodetectors , 2016 .

[144]  Kazuhito Tsukagoshi,et al.  Electrostatically Reversible Polarity of Ambipolar α-MoTe2 Transistors. , 2015, ACS nano.

[145]  T. Kimoto,et al.  Interface state density of SiO2/p-type 4H-SiC (0001), (112¯0), (11¯00) metal-oxide-semiconductor structures characterized by low-temperature subthreshold slopes , 2016 .

[146]  Liangmo Mei,et al.  A self-powered UV photodetector based on TiO2 nanorod arrays , 2013, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[147]  Masanori Onishi,et al.  Development of an Amorphous Selenium-Based Photodetector Driven by a Diamond Cold Cathode , 2013, Sensors.

[148]  Masataka Imura,et al.  Submicron metal-semiconductor-metal diamond photodiodes toward improving the responsivity , 2007 .

[149]  Edward H. Sargent,et al.  Solution-processed semiconductors for next-generation photodetectors , 2017 .

[150]  S. M. Rozati,et al.  Ultraviolet photoresponse properties of ZnO:N/p-Si and ZnO/p-Si heterojunctions , 2013 .

[151]  H. Hsu,et al.  Photoconductivities in monocrystalline layered V2O5 nanowires grown by physical vapor deposition , 2013, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[152]  Gate tunable photovoltaic effect in MoS2 vertical p–n homostructures , 2017, 1702.05673.

[153]  D. Manno,et al.  Characterization and Growth Mechanism of Selenium Microtubes Synthesized by a Vapor Phase Deposition Route , 2010 .

[154]  Kai Xu,et al.  Tunable GaTe-MoS2 van der Waals p-n Junctions with Novel Optoelectronic Performance. , 2015, Nano letters.

[155]  Byung-Teak Lee,et al.  Improvement of electrical and optical properties of Ga and N co-doped p-type ZnO thin films with thermal treatment , 2008 .

[156]  S. T. Lee,et al.  Single-crystalline ZnTe nanowires for application as high-performance green/ultraviolet photodetector. , 2011, Optics express.

[157]  A thin-film diamond phototransistor , 1999 .

[158]  p-type doping of MgZnO films and their applications in optoelectronic devices. , 2015, Optics letters.

[159]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Selenium-Doped Black Phosphorus for High-Responsivity 2D Photodetectors. , 2016, Small.

[160]  Z. Bao,et al.  Synthetic chemistry for ultrapure, processable, and high-mobility organic transistor semiconductors. , 2001, Accounts of chemical research.

[161]  Soon Cheol Hong,et al.  High‐Detectivity Multilayer MoS2 Phototransistors with Spectral Response from Ultraviolet to Infrared , 2012, Advanced materials.

[162]  S. Sze,et al.  Physics of Semiconductor Devices: Sze/Physics , 2006 .

[163]  E. Alarousu,et al.  Ultrathin Cu2O as an efficient inorganic hole transporting material for perovskite solar cells. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[164]  Hongkun Park,et al.  Gate-activated photoresponse in a graphene p-n junction. , 2010, Nano letters.

[165]  G. Duscher,et al.  Pulsed Laser Deposition of Photoresponsive Two‐Dimensional GaSe Nanosheet Networks , 2014 .

[166]  Xuechao Yu,et al.  Photocurrent generation in lateral graphene p-n junction created by electron-beam irradiation , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[167]  Yong-Hoon Kim,et al.  MoS2-InGaZnO Heterojunction Phototransistors with Broad Spectral Responsivity. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[168]  A. Kaminski-Cachopo,et al.  Physical properties of annealed ZnO nanowire/CuSCN heterojunctions for self-powered UV photodetectors. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[169]  T. S. Lee,et al.  Properties of arsenic-doped p-type ZnO grown by hybrid beam deposition , 2003 .

[170]  Ming-Yen Lu,et al.  p-Type ZnO nanowires: From synthesis to nanoenergy , 2012 .

[171]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[172]  X. Duan,et al.  Electroluminescence and Photocurrent Generation from Atomically Sharp WSe2/MoS2 Heterojunction p–n Diodes , 2014, Nano letters.

[173]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[174]  Shulong Lu,et al.  Impact of band structure of Ohmic contact layers on the response feature of p-i-n very long wavelength type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetector , 2015 .

[175]  S. An,et al.  A Van Der Waals Homojunction: Ideal p–n Diode Behavior in MoSe2 , 2015, Advanced materials.

[176]  Dimitri D. Vaughn,et al.  Single-crystal colloidal nanosheets of GeS and GeSe. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[177]  E. Bekyarova,et al.  Visible-Blind UV Photodetector Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Film/ZnO Vertical Heterostructures. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[178]  V. Fal’ko,et al.  High-sensitivity photodetectors based on multilayer GaTe flakes. , 2014, ACS nano.

[179]  L. Chernyak,et al.  ZnO homojunction photodiodes based on Sb-doped p-type nanowire array and n-type film for ultraviolet detection , 2011 .

[180]  Steve Dunn,et al.  A Self‐Powered ZnO‐Nanorod/CuSCN UV Photodetector Exhibiting Rapid Response , 2013, Advanced materials.

[181]  K. D. Hirschman,et al.  Silicon-based visible light-emitting devices integrated into microelectronic circuits , 1996, Nature.

[182]  Bo Liang,et al.  Fabrication of high-quality ZnTe nanowires toward high-performance rigid/flexible visible-light photodetectors. , 2013, Optics express.

[183]  Shui-Tong Lee,et al.  One-dimensional II–VI nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications , 2010 .

[184]  Mingqiang Huang,et al.  Broadband Black‐Phosphorus Photodetectors with High Responsivity , 2016, Advanced materials.

[185]  Yan Xin,et al.  Ambipolar molybdenum diselenide field-effect transistors: field-effect and Hall mobilities. , 2014, ACS nano.

[186]  D. Shen,et al.  Realization of cubic ZnMgO photodetectors for UVB applications , 2015 .

[187]  X. Duan,et al.  Large Area Growth and Electrical Properties of p-Type WSe2 Atomic Layers , 2014, Nano letters.

[188]  M. Marinelli,et al.  Extreme UV single crystal diamond Schottky photodiode in planar and transverse configuration , 2010 .

[189]  K. V. Rao,et al.  p-Type ZnO materials: Theory, growth, properties and devices , 2013 .

[190]  L. Dai,et al.  Self‐Powered, Ultrafast, Visible‐Blind UV Detection and Optical Logical Operation based on ZnO/GaN Nanoscale p‐n Junctions , 2011, Advanced materials.

[191]  L. J. Mandalapu,et al.  Al/Ti contacts to sb-doped p-type ZnO , 2007 .

[192]  Xiaping Chen,et al.  Synthesis of ZnO nanostructures by spontaneous oxidation of Zn films on p-type silicon substrates , 2014 .

[193]  Xiaosheng Fang,et al.  Nanostructured Photodetectors: From Ultraviolet to Terahertz , 2016, Advanced materials.

[194]  P. Yang.  Nanowire Photonics , 2007, 2007 International Nano-Optoelectronics Workshop.

[195]  M. Strano,et al.  Near-infrared optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes , 2004, Nature materials.

[196]  P. Ajayan,et al.  Synthesis and photoresponse of large GaSe atomic layers. , 2013, Nano letters.

[197]  E. Monroy,et al.  Wide-bandgap semiconductor ultraviolet photodetectors , 2003 .

[198]  Jinlong Yang,et al.  Ultrahigh Infrared Photoresponse from Core–Shell Single‐Domain‐VO2/V2O5 Heterostructure in Nanobeam , 2014 .

[199]  N. Kim,et al.  Gate-tunable optoelectronic properties of a nano-layered GaSe photodetector , 2017 .

[200]  D. Dascalu,et al.  GaN membrane-supported UV photodetectors manufactured using nanolithographic processes , 2009, Microelectron. J..

[201]  Juan Xie,et al.  Ultraviolet photoconductive detector based on Al doped ZnO films prepared by sol–gel method , 2006 .

[202]  Fan Zuo,et al.  Photothermally assisted solution-phase synthesis of microscale tubes, rods, shuttles, and an urchin-like assembly of single-crystalline trigonal selenium. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[203]  E. Joselevich,et al.  Guided Growth of Horizontal p-Type ZnTe Nanowires , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces.

[204]  Federico Capasso,et al.  Single p-type/intrinsic/n-type silicon nanowires as nanoscale avalanche photodetectors. , 2006, Nano letters.

[205]  Y. Hao,et al.  P-type electrical, photoconductive, and anomalous ferromagnetic properties of Cu2O nanowires , 2009 .

[206]  Monolayer MoS2/GaAs heterostructure self-driven photodetector with extremely high detectivity , 2015, 1512.06867.

[207]  J. Hwang,et al.  Inserting an i-ZnO layer to increase the performance of p-Si/n-ZnO heterojunction photodetectors , 2015 .

[208]  S. Chang,et al.  A CuO nanowire infrared photodetector , 2011 .

[209]  Qian Liu,et al.  High detectivity solar-blind high-temperature deep-ultraviolet photodetector based on multi-layered (l00) facet-oriented β-Ga₂O₃ nanobelts. , 2014, Small.

[210]  Zetian Mi,et al.  III-Nitride nanowire optoelectronics , 2015 .

[211]  Fang Qian,et al.  Nanowire electronic and optoelectronic devices , 2006 .

[212]  Shui-Tong Lee,et al.  Tunable n‐Type Conductivity and Transport Properties of Ga‐doped ZnO Nanowire Arrays , 2008 .

[213]  Marco Affronte,et al.  High Photoresponsivity in Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistor Devices Contacted with Graphene Electrodes , 2017 .

[214]  F. Yakuphanoglu,et al.  A new shape memory alloy film/p-Si solar light four quadrant detector for solar tracking applications , 2016 .

[215]  Y. Ryu,et al.  ZnO devices: Photodiodes and p-type field-effect transistors , 2005 .

[216]  Xiaojun Wu,et al.  Two-dimensional boron monolayer sheets. , 2012, ACS nano.

[217]  L. Dai,et al.  Fast-speed and high-gain photodetectors of individual single crystalline Zn3P2 nanowires , 2011 .

[218]  Kai Xu,et al.  Strong electrically tunable MoTe2/graphene van der Waals heterostructures for high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices , 2016 .

[219]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Carrier‐Type Modulation and Mobility Improvement of Thin MoTe2 , 2017, Advances in Materials.

[220]  Guofeng Yang,et al.  GaN-based Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetectors with graded doping on patterned sapphire substrates , 2017 .

[221]  F. Capasso,et al.  Electrical and optical properties of InP nanowire ensemble p+–i–n+ photodetectors , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[222]  Guo-En Chang,et al.  GeSn p-i-n waveguide photodetectors on silicon substrates , 2014 .

[223]  T. Xie,et al.  Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of p–n Cu2O Homojunction Films and Their Photocatalytic Performance , 2013 .

[224]  S. Dong,et al.  High-performance BiOBr ultraviolet photodetector fabricated by a green and facile interfacial self-assembly strategy. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[225]  J. Xiong,et al.  Booming Development of Group IV–VI Semiconductors: Fresh Blood of 2D Family , 2016, Advanced science.

[226]  Yue Zhang,et al.  Self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt , 2010 .

[227]  L. Luo,et al.  Surface charge transfer induced p-CdS nanoribbon/n-Si heterojunctions as fast-speed self-driven photodetectors , 2015 .

[228]  C. Ahn,et al.  Photovoltaic device on a single ZnO nanowire p–n homojunction , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[229]  A. M. van der Zande,et al.  Atomically thin p-n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[230]  Xiaojuan Sun,et al.  High spectral response of self-driven GaN-based detectors by controlling the contact barrier height , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[231]  Meiyong Liao,et al.  Single Schottky-barrier photodiode with interdigitated-finger geometry: Application to diamond , 2007 .

[232]  M. Arnold,et al.  Semiconducting carbon nanotube/fullerene blended heterojunctions for photovoltaic near-infrared photon harvesting , 2011 .

[233]  Sang‐Jae Kim,et al.  Investigation of UV photoresponse property of Al, N co-doped ZnO film , 2013 .

[234]  G. Konstantatos,et al.  Nanostructured materials for photon detection. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.

[235]  Li Cao,et al.  Microstructure, morphology and sunlight response of cuprous oxide thin films , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[236]  M. A. Sattar,et al.  Spray pyrolized Ag–N co-doped p-type ZnO thin films' preparation and study of their structural, surface morphology and opto-electrical properties , 2013 .

[237]  L. Luo,et al.  One-dimensional CuO nanowire: synthesis, electrical, and optoelectronic devices application , 2014, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[238]  Jinju Zheng,et al.  SiC Nanowire Film Photodetectors: A Promising Candidate Toward High Temperature Photodetectors. , 2016, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[239]  M. Chi,et al.  Epitaxial nanosheet-nanowire heterostructures. , 2013, Nano letters.

[240]  Caofeng Pan,et al.  Piezo‐Phototronic Enhanced UV Sensing Based on a Nanowire Photodetector Array , 2015, Advanced materials.

[241]  D. Smirnov,et al.  An Optoelectronic Switch Based on Intrinsic Dual Schottky Diodes in Ambipolar MoSe2 Field‐Effect Transistors , 2015, 1509.04651.

[242]  M. R. Karim,et al.  Te incorporation in GaAs1−xSbx nanowires and p-i-n axial structure , 2016 .

[243]  Ke Xu,et al.  High-responsivity graphene/silicon-heterostructure waveguide photodetectors , 2013, Nature Photonics.

[244]  T. Hsueh,et al.  Vertical p-type Cu-doped ZnO/n-type ZnO homojunction nanowire-based ultraviolet photodetector by the furnace system with hotwire assistance. , 2014, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[245]  Photoresponse of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors , 2005 .

[246]  S. Mao,et al.  Ohmic contacts and photoconductivity of individual ZnTe nanowires , 2009 .

[247]  Xiaosheng Fang,et al.  Binary response Se/ZnO p‐n heterojunction UV photodetector with high on/off ratio and fast speed , 2017 .

[248]  Xuezhe Yu,et al.  Near Full-Composition-Range High-Quality GaAs1-xSbx Nanowires Grown by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy. , 2017, Nano letters.

[249]  Z. Hassan,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of V2O5 nanorods based metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector , 2016 .

[250]  J. Jie,et al.  Fabrication of p-type ZnSe:Sb nanowires for high-performance ultraviolet light photodetector application , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[251]  B. Viana,et al.  Oxide planar p–n heterojunction prepared by low temperature solution growth for UV-photodetector applications , 2016 .

[252]  H. Ohta,et al.  Epitaxial growth of transparent p-type conducting CuGaO2 thin films on sapphire (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition , 2001 .

[253]  Tobin J. Marks,et al.  Gate-tunable carbon nanotube–MoS2 heterojunction p-n diode , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[254]  Liu Xiangyun,et al.  Synthesis of p-type phosphorus doped ZnSe nanowires and their applications in nanodevices , 2015 .

[255]  Kazuhito Tsukagoshi,et al.  Ambipolar MoTe2 Transistors and Their Applications in Logic Circuits , 2014, Advanced materials.

[256]  B. Yao,et al.  Fabrication and properties of B–N codoped p-type ZnO thin films , 2009 .

[257]  Manijeh Razeghi,et al.  Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors , 1996 .

[258]  Qiming Wang,et al.  GeSn p-i-n photodetectors with GeSn layer grown by magnetron sputtering epitaxy , 2016 .

[259]  A. Javey,et al.  High-performance single layered WSe₂ p-FETs with chemically doped contacts. , 2012, Nano letters.

[260]  R. Keyes.  The Electrical Properties of Black Phosphorus , 1953 .

[261]  D. Shen,et al.  Ultraviolet photodetectors fabricated from ZnO p-i-n homojunction structures , 2011 .

[262]  Meiyong Liao,et al.  New Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Individual Nb2O5 Nanobelts , 2011 .

[263]  F. Xia,et al.  Ultrafast graphene photodetector , 2009, CLEO/QELS: 2010 Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[264]  L. Luo,et al.  Tuning the p-type conductivity of ZnSe nanowires via silver doping for rectifying and photovoltaic device applications , 2013 .

[265]  Bin Zhao,et al.  Large scale, highly efficient and self-powered UV photodetectors enabled by all-solid-state n-TiO2 nanowell/p-NiO mesoporous nanosheet heterojunctions , 2016 .

[266]  Phaedon Avouris,et al.  Black phosphorus photodetector for multispectral, high-resolution imaging. , 2014, Nano letters.