Nano Gives the Answer: Breaking the Bottleneck of Internal Concentration Polarization with a Nanofiber Composite Forward Osmosis Membrane for a High Water Production Rate

Clean water shortage is one of the biggest global crises. [ 1 ] Thus clean water production and regeneration have become the main concerns. Among a variety of technologies, forward osmosis (FO) is a well-recognized osmotic process for producing clean water because of the low energy input, [ 2 ] as shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information). Driven by osmotic pressure gradient ( Δ π ) across a semipermeable FO membrane, water diffuses naturally through the membrane, leaving impurities behind. This process has great potential for various applications including wastewater reclamation, [ 3 ] seawater desalination, [ 4 ] and energy production. [ 5 ]

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