Graphene as biomedical sensing element: State of art review and potential engineering applications

Abstract Nano graphene (Gr) particles are of abundant methodical and scientific interest as having the astonishing prospective to usage as the sensors element in the miniaturized and biomedical sensor device. The nano Gr particles have been appeared on the life science and health platform due to their interesting material performance like; excellent biocompatibility, conductivity, super para magnetism, thermal, chemical, mechanical and metallurgical properties to use as a sensor component. In recent years, Gr as nanoparticles has acquired powerful technological and scientific attention and having potential applications like; for fabrication of super-capacitors, batteries, solar or fuel cells, miniaturized and biomedical sensors. Gr is one of the most influential nano composites with endowment of use in the sensing mechanism like; bio-sensing, bio-imaging and diagnostic of diseases due to stimulating material behavior like; biocompatibility, cell growing properties, excellent surface behavior thermally and chemically etc. The present discussion explores the state of art review and prospective of the Gr in the miniaturized and biomedical sensors. The sensing mechanism for each of the sensors has been discussed for betters understanding of the functionality and prospective of the Gr in the sensors.

[1]  C Daraio,et al.  Highly nonlinear solitary wave propagation in Y-shaped granular crystals with variable branch angles. , 2012, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[2]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  A penalty model for the analysis of curved composite beams , 1992 .

[3]  A. DeSimone,et al.  Large-strain poroelastic plate theory for polymer gels with applications to swelling-induced morphing of composite plates , 2016, 1607.02528.

[4]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[5]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  On the reinforcement of cement mortars through 3D printed polymeric and metallic fibers , 2016 .

[6]  Lei Liu,et al.  Direct exfoliation of graphite in water with addition of ammonia solution. , 2017, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[7]  Rafiq Ahmad,et al.  Chemical and biological sensors based on metal oxide nanostructures. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[8]  C. Keating,et al.  Oxide-on-graphene field effect bio-ready sensors , 2014, Nano Research.

[9]  Francesco Fabbrocino,et al.  Loading noise effects on the system identification of composite structures by dynamic tests with vibrodyne , 2017 .

[10]  M. Son,et al.  Low-temperature synthesis of graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its applications , 2017 .

[11]  S. Gopinath,et al.  Feasibility of graphene in biomedical applications. , 2017, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[12]  Huafeng Yang,et al.  A simple method for graphene production based on exfoliation of graphite in water using 1-pyrenesulfonic acid sodium salt , 2013 .

[13]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Directional Wave Propagation in a Highly Nonlinear Square Packing of Spheres , 2013 .

[14]  Raffaele Cioffi,et al.  Mechanical properties and durability of mortar containing fine fraction of demolition wastes produced by selective demolition in South Italy , 2017 .

[15]  Fu-Ming Wang,et al.  Polyisothianaphthene/graphene nanocomposite as a new counter electrode material for high performance dye sensitized solar cell , 2017 .

[16]  H. Bagheri,et al.  Designing and fabrication of new molecularly imprinted polymer-based potentiometric nano-graphene/ionic liquid/carbon paste electrode for the determination of losartan , 2015 .

[17]  Francesco Fabbrocino,et al.  Investigations for dimensional accuracy of Al alloy/Al-MMC developed by combining stir casting and ABS replica based investment casting , 2017 .

[18]  Dorian Liepmann,et al.  Graphene–protein field effect biosensors: glucose sensing ☆ , 2015 .

[19]  Ming Zhou,et al.  Production of Graphene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Intercalated Graphite , 2014, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[20]  Oh Seok Kwon,et al.  Graphene-based nanoelectronic biosensors , 2016 .

[21]  Xiao Hu,et al.  Electromagnetic interference shielding properties and mechanisms of chemically reduced graphene aerogels , 2017 .

[22]  A. Busnaina,et al.  Hydrogenation and exfoliation of graphene using polyamine reagents , 2016 .

[23]  C. Hierold,et al.  Fabrication of single-walled carbon-nanotube-based pressure sensors. , 2006, Nano letters.

[24]  T. Kuriyama,et al.  FET-based biosensors. , 1991, Bioprocess technology.

[25]  Vincenzo Piluso,et al.  Experimental behaviour of innovative thermal spray coating materials for FREEDAM joints , 2017 .

[26]  Z. Bieniek.  The self-equilibrium problem of the Class-Theta tetrahedral tensegrity module , 2017 .

[27]  A. Kamali.  Scalable fabrication of highly conductive 3D graphene by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in molten NaCl under Ar/H2 atmosphere , 2017 .

[28]  J. Snæbjörnsson,et al.  Strength and stiffness of glulam beams reinforced with glass and basalt fibres , 2017 .

[29]  R. E. Skelton,et al.  On the additive manufacturing, post-tensioning and testing of bi-material tensegrity structures , 2015, 1504.01122.

[30]  G. Sharma,et al.  Performance study of metallic clad planar waveguide sensors in presence of graphene layer , 2017 .

[31]  Alessandro Naddeo,et al.  Novel “load adaptive algorithm based” procedure for 3D printing of cancellous bone-inspired structures , 2017 .

[32]  A. Micheletti,et al.  Pressurized CNTs under tension: A finite-deformation lattice model , 2017 .

[33]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  On the estimation of the curvatures and bending rigidity of membrane networks via a local maximum-entropy approach , 2011, J. Comput. Phys..

[34]  Masoumeh Sisakhti.  Application of graphene in electrochemical sensing , 2018 .

[35]  R. Young,et al.  Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites , 2017 .

[36]  T. Rocha-Santos,et al.  Graphene based sensors and biosensors , 2017 .

[37]  M. Prato,et al.  Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[38]  F. Guitián,et al.  A comparative study on different aqueous-phase graphite exfoliation methods for few-layer graphene production and its application in alumina matrix composites , 2017 .

[39]  J. Xie,et al.  Functionalized graphene oxide for the fabrication of paraoxon biosensors. , 2014, Analytica chimica acta.

[40]  G. Wallace,et al.  Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[41]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Experimental investigation of the softening-stiffening response of tensegrity prisms under compressive loading , 2014, 1406.1104.

[42]  Md. Sajibul Alam Bhuyan,et al.  Synthesis of graphene , 2016, International Nano Letters.

[43]  Rupinder Singh,et al.  Friction welding for the manufacturing of PA6 and ABS structures reinforced with Fe particles , 2018 .

[44]  Rupinder Singh,et al.  Investigations for Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of ABS-Graphene Blended Prototypes , 2017, Materials.

[45]  M. A. Tabrizi,et al.  Eco-synthesis of graphene and its use in dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide sensing. , 2014 .

[46]  S. Affatato,et al.  Transfer of metallic debris after in vitro ceramic-on-metal simulation: Wear and degradation in Biolox® Delta composite femoral heads , 2017 .

[47]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  On the mechanical modeling of the extreme softening/stiffening response of axially loaded tensegrity prisms , 2014, 1406.1913.

[48]  P. Rolfe.  Review of chemical sensors for physiological measurement. , 1988, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[49]  Jong-Hyun Ahn,et al.  Graphene for flexible and wearable device applications , 2017 .

[50]  J. Tour,et al.  High-yield organic dispersions of unfunctionalized graphene. , 2009, Nano letters.

[51]  Giorgio Sberveglieri,et al.  Metal oxide nanowires as chemical sensors , 2010 .

[52]  Hamed Khezrzadeh.  A statistical micromechanical multiscale method for determination of the mechanical properties of composites with periodic microstructure , 2017 .

[53]  S. Carrara,et al.  Biomedical electrochemical sensors for resource-limited countries , 2017 .

[54]  K. Novoselov,et al.  A roadmap for graphene , 2012, Nature.

[55]  Jianguo Zhao,et al.  Growth of carbon nanotubes on graphene by chemical vapor deposition , 2016 .

[56]  Giuseppe Marano,et al.  Morphological optimization of tensegrity-type metamaterials , 2017 .

[57]  R. Kumar,et al.  Polymer Waste as Fused Deposition Modeling Feed Stock Filament for Industrial Applications , 2014 .

[58]  R. H. Weissman,et al.  Thin films of glass and their application to biomedical sensors , 1971, Medical and biological engineering.

[59]  Junhong Chen,et al.  Graphene oxide and its reduction: modeling and experimental progress , 2012 .

[60]  R. Dimitri,et al.  Free vibration analysis of arbitrarily shaped Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube-reinforced plates , 2017 .

[61]  C. Su,et al.  High-quality thin graphene films from fast electrochemical exfoliation. , 2011, ACS nano.

[62]  Martin Klaudiny,et al.  Error analysis of photometric stereo with colour lights , 2014, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[63]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Effects of recycled PET fibres on the mechanical properties and seawater curing of Portland cement-based concretes , 2014 .

[64]  Y. Zhong,et al.  Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene , 2015 .

[65]  Gaofeng Zhou,et al.  Biomedical Sensor, Device and Measurement Systems , 2015 .

[66]  Zhen Zhen,et al.  Graphene: Fundamental research and potential applications , 2017 .

[67]  A. K. Sood,et al.  Investigations on metallization in FDM build ABS part using electroless deposition method , 2015 .

[68]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Recycled nylon fibers as cement mortar reinforcement , 2014, 1409.7258.

[69]  G. Gnecco,et al.  Optimal design of low-frequency band gaps in anti-tetrachiral lattice meta-materials , 2016, 1608.01077.

[70]  S. Ozkan,et al.  Electrochemical carbon based nanosensors: A promising tool in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. , 2018, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[71]  Xiao Xie,et al.  Graphene oxide as high-performance dielectric materials for capacitive pressure sensors , 2017 .

[72]  Alparslan Demirel,et al.  Recent developments and trends in biomedical sensors , 2005 .

[73]  Ping Wang,et al.  Multi-nanomaterial electrochemical biosensor based on label-free graphene for detecting cancer biomarkers. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[74]  Attilio Pizzigoni,et al.  On the design of origami structures with a continuum of equilibrium shapes , 2017 .

[75]  J. Palomino,et al.  Optimization of the Synthesis Procedures of Graphene and Graphite Oxide , 2016 .

[76]  R. Dorado-Vicente,et al.  Development of Vertical Wind Turbines via FDM Prototypes , 2015 .

[77]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Experimental response of additively manufactured metallic pentamode materials confined between stiffening plates , 2016 .

[78]  Andrea Marino,et al.  On the Structural Shape Optimization through Variational Methods and Evolutionary Algorithms , 2011 .

[79]  Mingji Li,et al.  Synthesis of nickel nanosheet/graphene composites for biosensor applications , 2014 .

[80]  A. Verma,et al.  Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance biosensor using graphene and air gap , 2015 .

[81]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Mechanical modeling of innovative metamaterials alternating pentamode lattices and confinement plates , 2017, 2002.00711.

[82]  O. Chailapakul,et al.  Novel paper-based cholesterol biosensor using graphene/polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyaniline nanocomposite. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[83]  L. Feo,et al.  Pilot study on the experimental behavior of GFRP-steel slip-critical connections , 2017 .

[84]  Zhiqiang Su,et al.  Fabrication technologies and sensing applications of graphene-based composite films: Advances and challenges. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[85]  Maria Chiara Cimmino,et al.  COMPOSITE SOLAR FAÇADES AND WIND GENERATORS WITH TENSEGRITY ARCHITECTURE , 2017 .

[86]  M. S. Onses,et al.  Low temperature growth of graphene using inductively-coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition , 2017 .

[87]  B. Poelsema,et al.  Chemical vapor deposition growth of bilayer graphene in between molybdenum disulfide sheets. , 2017, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[88]  Y. Obeng,et al.  Graphene: Is It the Future for Semiconductors? An Overview of the Material, Devices, and Applications , 2011 .

[89]  Chun Li,et al.  Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[90]  Lu Wang,et al.  A new calcium germanate-graphene nanocomposite modified electrode as efficient electrochemical sensor for determination of daphnetin , 2017 .

[91]  Wei Chen,et al.  Recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials for fabricating electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensors. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[92]  T. K. Kundra,et al.  Virtual Modelling and Simulation of Functionally Graded Material Component using FDM Technique , 2015 .

[93]  Simon Gaisford,et al.  Fabrication of controlled-release budesonide tablets via desktop (FDM) 3D printing. , 2015, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[94]  F. Bǎnicǎ,et al.  Chemical sensors and biosensors : fundamentals and applications , 2012 .

[95]  R. Ramasamy,et al.  Current and Prospective Methods for Plant Disease Detection , 2015, Biosensors.

[96]  F. Fraternali,et al.  A penalty model for the analysis of composite curved beams , 1992 .

[97]  Yury V Stebunov,et al.  Highly Sensitive and Selective Sensor Chips with Graphene-Oxide Linking Layer. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[98]  Iman Dayyani,et al.  Shape optimisation of composite corrugated morphing skins , 2017 .

[99]  G. Eda,et al.  Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[100]  M. Jiang,et al.  Urea-assisted aqueous exfoliation of graphite for obtaining high-quality graphene. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[101]  Xingrui Wang,et al.  An environmentally friendly method for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide foam with a super oil absorption capacity. , 2013, Journal of hazardous materials.

[102]  M. Serry.  Graphene Based Physical and Chemical Sensors , 2016 .

[103]  A novel synthesis route of graphene via microwave assisted intercalation-exfoliation of graphite , 2017 .

[104]  C. Gu,et al.  Ultrafast carrier transfer evidencing graphene electromagnetically enhanced ultrasensitive SERS in graphene/Ag-nanoparticles hybrid , 2017 .

[105]  Kihong Park,et al.  Fiber Optic Lateral Coupling Force Sensor for Biomedical Applications , 2016 .

[106]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Surface roughness effects on the reinforcement of cement mortars through 3D printed metallic fibers , 2016 .

[107]  J. Coleman,et al.  High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[108]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Graphene-based liquid crystal device. , 2008, Nano letters (Print).

[109]  L. L. Mendola,et al.  Finite element analysis of the out-of-plane behavior of FRP strengthened masonry panels , 2017 .

[110]  Federico Parietti,et al.  3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a swellable/erodible capsular device for oral pulsatile release of drugs , 2015 .

[111]  Steven J. Koester,et al.  Graphene-Based Quantum Capacitance Wireless Vapor Sensors , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[112]  Qian Zhou,et al.  A quantum dot-spore nanocomposite pH sensor. , 2016, Talanta.

[113]  S. R. Silva,et al.  Effects of humidity on the electronic properties of graphene prepared by chemical vapour deposition , 2016 .

[114]  C. Gornick,et al.  Intracavitary electrode catheter cardioversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias in the dog. , 1986, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[115]  Dan Yang,et al.  Bioapplications of graphene constructed functional nanomaterials. , 2017, Chemico-biological interactions.

[116]  Mitchell B. Lerner,et al.  Novel graphene-based biosensor for early detection of Zika virus infection. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[117]  B. Chiaia,et al.  Comparing multi-scale cracking mechanisms in man-made composites and natural materials , 2017 .

[118]  Bikash Kumar Paul,et al.  Dataset on photonic crystal fiber based chemical sensor , 2017, Data in brief.

[119]  R. Sauer,et al.  Interstitial and Intracavitary Thermoradiotherapy , 1993, Medical Radiology.

[120]  D. Hui,et al.  Recycling of plastic solid waste: A state of art review and future applications , 2017 .

[121]  W. Choi,et al.  Synthesis of Graphene and Its Applications: A Review , 2010 .

[122]  Murat Kaya Yapici,et al.  Graphene-clad textile electrodes for electrocardiogram monitoring , 2015 .

[123]  Rupinder Singh,et al.  Development of Low-Cost Graphene-Polymer Blended In-House Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling , 2017 .

[124]  M. M. Hantel.  Graphite oxide and graphene oxide based electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors , 2013 .

[125]  Chao-Sung Lai,et al.  Ultraviolet illumination effect on monolayer graphene-based resistive sensor for acetone detection , 2017 .

[126]  Paolo Castaldo,et al.  Influence of the strength reduction factor on the seismic reliability of structures with FPS considering intermediate PGA/PGV ratios , 2017 .

[127]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  Nonlinear elastic stress analysis in curved composite beams , 1997 .

[128]  P. Castaldo,et al.  FEM simulations and rotation capacity evaluation for RHS temper T4 aluminium alloy beams , 2017 .

[129]  F. Fraternali,et al.  Modeling and in situ identification of material parameters for layered structures based on carbon nanotube arrays , 2011 .

[130]  M. Ota,et al.  Fabrication of TiO2-graphene photocatalyst by direct chemical vapor deposition and its anti-fouling property , 2017 .

[131]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Reduced graphene oxide-based hydrogels for the efficient capture of dye pollutants from aqueous solutions , 2013 .

[132]  Alessandro Naddeo,et al.  Novel “load adaptive algorithm based” procedure for 3D printing of lattice-based components showing parametric curved micro-beams , 2017 .

[133]  Wu Tang,et al.  High sensitivity and fast response graphene oxide capacitive humidity sensor with computer-aided design , 2016 .

[134]  Robert C. Haddon,et al.  Ultrasonic Dispersions of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes , 2003 .

[135]  Michael S Strano,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as optical biomedical sensors. , 2013, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[136]  Yong Zhao,et al.  Preparation and application of microfiber resonant ring sensors: A review , 2017 .

[137]  Hongyan Shi,et al.  A novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on ternary gold nanoparticles/polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite , 2014 .

[138]  S. Cosnier,et al.  Graphene-based Biosensors for Dopamine Determination☆ , 2017 .

[139]  A. Yu,et al.  Hall effect biosensors with ultraclean graphene film for improved sensitivity of label-free DNA detection. , 2018, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[140]  Local mechanical properties of graphene/polyethylene-based nanocomposites by depth-sensing indentation , 2016 .

[141]  R. Huerta,et al.  Information-theoretic optimization of chemical sensors , 2010 .

[142]  W. Olthuis,et al.  Solid contact potassium selective electrodes for biomedical applications - a review. , 2016, Talanta.

[143]  Fernando Fraternali,et al.  A penalty model for the analysis of laminated composite shells , 1993 .

[144]  T. Vo‐Dinh,et al.  Biosensors and biochips: advances in biological and medical diagnostics , 2000, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[145]  F. Fraternali,et al.  Non-linear elastic response of layered structures, alternating pentamode lattices and confinement plates , 2017 .

[146]  O. Chailapakul,et al.  Hydrophilic graphene surface prepared by electrochemically reduced micellar graphene oxide as a platform for electrochemical sensor. , 2017, Talanta.

[147]  N. Koratkar,et al.  Graphene-Based Chemical Sensors. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[148]  Chen Jianrong,et al.  Ion sensitive field effect transducer-based biosensors. , 2003, Biotechnology advances.

[149]  Michael J. Schöning,et al.  Image correction method for the chemical imaging sensor , 2010 .

[151]  J. Riu,et al.  Graphene-based potentiometric biosensor for the immediate detection of living bacteria. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[152]  Dapeng Wei,et al.  Cavity-enhanced continuous graphene plasmonic resonator for infrared sensing , 2017 .

[153]  W. Guo,et al.  Rapid chemical vapor deposition of graphene on liquid copper , 2016 .

[154]  R. Karlsson,et al.  SPR for molecular interaction analysis: a review of emerging application areas , 2004, Journal of molecular recognition : JMR.

[155]  Fangfang Wu,et al.  Graphene oxide: the mechanisms of oxidation and exfoliation , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[156]  M. A. Alhnan,et al.  Fabrication of extended-release patient-tailored prednisolone tablets via fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing. , 2015, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences.

[157]  Alessandra Genoese,et al.  On the derivation of the elastic properties of lattice nanostructures: The case of graphene sheets , 2017 .

[158]  Aguinaldo Fraddosio,et al.  Morphology and self-stress design of V-Expander tensegrity cells , 2017 .

[159]  D. Meier,et al.  The I/O transform of a chemical sensor. , 2016, Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical.

[160]  P. Salvo,et al.  The role of biomedical sensors in wound healing , 2015 .

[161]  Hamidreza Karami,et al.  Far-infrared multi-resonant graphene-based metamaterial absorber , 2017 .

[162]  Special issue on composite lattices and multiscale innovative materials and structures , 2017 .

[163]  M. Hashmi,et al.  Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Plastic-Based Material With Metal Powder Reinforcement , 2014 .

[164]  Robert E. Skelton,et al.  On the minimal mass design of composite membranes , 2017 .

[165]  Naoki Yoshihara,et al.  Chemical etching of copper foils for single-layer graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition , 2017 .

[166]  Rupinder Singh,et al.  Experimental Investigations for Statistically Controlled Solution of FDM Assisted Nylon6-Al-Al2O3replica Based Investment Casting☆ , 2015 .

[167]  Shengwei Jiang,et al.  Potential application of graphene nanomechanical resonator as pressure sensor , 2014 .

[168]  Mauro Serpelloni,et al.  Telemetric model for passive resistive sensors in biomedical applications , 2014 .

[169]  K. Müllen,et al.  Exfoliation of graphene via wet chemical routes , 2015 .

[170]  C. Das,et al.  One Pot Synthesis of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in ODCB , 2013 .

[171]  Shuchi Gupta,et al.  Theoretical investigation of adsorption of gas molecules on Li metal adsorbed at H-site of graphene: A search for graphene based gas sensors , 2017 .

[172]  Zhen Jin,et al.  Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Gas Sensing Properties: A Review , 2012, Sensors.

[173]  S. Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Sensing system for salinity testing using laser-induced graphene sensors , 2017 .

[174]  Partha Sarati Das,et al.  Chemically reduced graphene oxide-based dry electrodes as touch sensor for electrocardiograph measurement , 2017 .

[175]  H. H. Wang.  Flexible Chemical Sensors , 2010 .

[176]  Xiaowei Yang,et al.  A human-machine interface based on single channel EOG and patchable sensor , 2016, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

[177]  Yadong Jiang,et al.  Excellent ammonia sensing performance of gas sensor based on graphene/titanium dioxide hybrid with improved morphology , 2017 .

[178]  P. Hauptmann,et al.  Resonant sensors and applications , 1991 .

[179]  Rosario Montuori,et al.  Smart and simple design of seismic resistant reinforced concrete frame , 2017 .

[180]  R. Kopelman,et al.  Physiochemical microparticle sensors based on nonlinear magnetic oscillations , 2007 .

[181]  R. Carrillo-Torres,et al.  Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using ball milling , 2017 .

[182]  Wei Sun,et al.  Investigation on direct electrochemical and electrocatalytic behavior of hemoglobin on palladium-graphene modified electrode. , 2017, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[183]  F. Fraternali,et al.  Friction welding of dissimilar plastic/polymer materials with metal powder reinforcement for engineering applications , 2016 .

[184]  S. G. Chatterjee,et al.  Graphene–metal oxide nanohybrids for toxic gas sensor: A review , 2015 .

[185]  Myung Sik Choi,et al.  Synthesis of zinc oxide semiconductors-graphene nanocomposites by microwave irradiation for application to gas sensors , 2017 .

[186]  Qingjun Liu,et al.  Graphene oxide-based optical biosensor functionalized with peptides for explosive detection. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[187]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Biosensors : fundamentals and applications , 1987 .

[188]  A. Mosallam,et al.  Structural performance of RC shear walls with post-construction openings strengthened with FRP composite laminates , 2017 .

[189]  Fuewen Frank Liou.  Rapid Prototyping and Engineering Applications: A Toolbox for Prototype Development , 2007 .

[190]  Jae-Hong Kim,et al.  3D hydrogel scaffold doped with 2D graphene materials for biosensors and bioelectronics. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[191]  J. Fitoussi,et al.  Multi-scale experimental investigation of the viscous nature of damage in Advanced Sheet Molding Compound (A-SMC) submitted to high strain rates , 2017 .

[192]  Peter Xiaoping Liu,et al.  Design of an accurate end-of-arm force display system based on wearable arm gesture sensors and EMG sensors , 2018, Inf. Fusion.

[193]  E. García-Plaza,et al.  Dimensional and Surface Texture Characterization in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) with ABS plus , 2015 .

[194]  Young-Seak Lee,et al.  NH3 gas sensing properties of a gas sensor based on fluorinated graphene oxide , 2016 .

[195]  Stavros Chatzandroulis,et al.  A flexible strain sensor made of graphene nanoplatelets/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite , 2015 .

[196]  J. Rimoli,et al.  Mechanical response of 3-dimensional tensegrity lattices , 2017 .

[197]  Inderpreet Singh Ahuja,et al.  Application of fusion deposition modelling for rapid investment casting – a review , 2012 .

[198]  Shengshui Hu,et al.  Application of graphene in elctrochemical sensing , 2015 .

[199]  X. Wang,et al.  Nonlinear viscoelastic dynamic responses of bi-graphene/piezoelectric laminated films under moving particles , 2017 .

[200]  Jiaqiang Xu,et al.  Advances in the chemical sensors for the detection of DMMP — A simulant for nerve agent sarin , 2010 .

[201]  Sook Mei Khor,et al.  Graphite nanocomposites sensor for multiplex detection of antioxidants in food. , 2017, Food chemistry.

[202]  M. Monajjemi.  Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite towards graphene: An ab initio study , 2017 .

[203]  G. Springsteen,et al.  The development of photometric sensors for boronic acids. , 2001, Bioorganic chemistry.