Bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of transgenic Bt 176 maize (Zea mays) and its non transgenic counterpart

The effect of transgenic Bt 176 maize on the rhizosphere bacterial community has been studied with a polyphasic approach by comparing the rhizosphere of Bt maize cultivated in greenhouse with that of its non transgenic counterpart grown in the same conditions. In the two plants the bacterial counts of the copiotrophic, oligotrophic and sporeforming bacteria, and the community level catabolic profiling, showed no significant differences; differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were evidenced. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) showed differences also in the rhizosphere communities at different plant ages, as well as between the two plant types. ARISA fingerprinting patterns of soil bacterial communities exposed to root growth solutions, collected from transgenic and non transgenic plants grown in hydroponic conditions, were grouped separately by principal component analysis suggesting that root exudates could determine the selection of different bacterial communities.

[1]  M. Ashraf,et al.  Nitrogen fixation associated with roots of Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca L. Kunth) , 1986, Plant and Soil.

[2]  Marc De Loose,et al.  Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert , 2001 .

[3]  Deepak Saxena,et al.  Bt toxin is released in root exudates from 12 transgenic corn hybrids representing three transformation events , 2002 .

[4]  C. Palm,et al.  Changes in levels, species and DNA fingerprints of soil microorganisms associated with cotton expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki endotoxin☆ , 1995 .

[5]  A. Sessitsch,et al.  Effects of transgenic glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the associated herbicide application on eubacterial and Pseudomonas communities in the rhizosphere. , 2002, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[6]  D. Saxena,et al.  Insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is released from roots of transgenic Bt corn in vitro and in situ. , 2000, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[7]  P. Oger,et al.  Effect of crop rotation and soil cover on alteration of the soil microflora generated by the culture of transgenic plants producing opines , 2000, Molecular ecology.

[8]  A. Mills,et al.  Classification and Characterization of Heterotrophic Microbial Communities on the Basis of Patterns of Community-Level Sole-Carbon-Source Utilization , 1991, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[9]  E. Roden,et al.  A simple, efficient method for the separation of humic substances and DNA from environmental samples , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[10]  W. Liesack,et al.  Use of the T-RFLP technique to assess spatial and temporal changes in the bacterial community structure within an agricultural soil planted with transgenic and non-transgenic potato plants. , 2000, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[11]  P. L. Manachini,et al.  PCR fingerprinting of whole genomes: the spacers between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes and of intergenic tRNA gene regions reveal a different intraspecific genomic variability of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis [corrected]. , 1998, International journal of systematic bacteriology.

[12]  D. Daffonchio,et al.  Homoduplex and Heteroduplex Polymorphisms of the Amplified Ribosomal 16S-23S Internal Transcribed Spacers Describe Genetic Relationships in the “Bacillus cereus Group” , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[13]  H. Heuer,et al.  Influence of transgenic T4-lysozyme-producing potato plants on potentially beneficial plant-associated bacteria , 1999 .

[14]  P. Oger,et al.  Engineered Rhizosphere: the Trophic Bias Generated by Opine-Producing Plants Is Independent of the Opine Type, the Soil Origin, and the Plant Species , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[15]  S. Siciliano,et al.  Taxonomic diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of field‐grown transgenic Brassica napus cv. Quest, compared to the non‐transgenic B. napus cv. Excel and B. rapa cv. Parkland , 1999 .

[16]  C. Tebbe,et al.  Bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a transgenic, herbicide-resistant maize (Zea mays) and comparison to its non-transgenic cultivar Bosphore. , 2002, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[17]  W. Wackernagel,et al.  Establishment of introduced antagonistic bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect on the bacterial community. , 2000, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[18]  C. Sorlini,et al.  Response of bacterial community during bioremediation of an oil-polluted soil. , 2003, Journal of applied microbiology.

[19]  T. Ruttink,et al.  Characterization of position-induced spatial and temporal regulation of transgene promoter activity in plants. , 2001, Journal of experimental botany.

[20]  P. Oger,et al.  Genetically engineered plants producing opines alter their biological environment , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[21]  G. Stotzky,et al.  Larvicidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki, morrisoni (strain tenebrionis), and israelensis have no microbicidal or microbiostatic activity against selected bacteria, fungi, and algae in vitro. , 2002, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[22]  H. Heuer,et al.  Effects of T4 Lysozyme Release from Transgenic Potato Roots on Bacterial Rhizosphere Communities Are Negligible Relative to Natural Factors , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[23]  J. Tiedje,et al.  DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[24]  E. Smit,et al.  Diversity and Seasonal Fluctuations of the Dominant Members of the Bacterial Soil Community in a Wheat Field as Determined by Cultivation and Molecular Methods , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[25]  E. Triplett,et al.  Automated Approach for Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis of Microbial Diversity and Its Application to Freshwater Bacterial Communities , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[26]  G. D. Di Giovanni,et al.  Comparison of Parental and Transgenic Alfalfa Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Using Biolog GN Metabolic Fingerprinting and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR) , 1999, Microbial Ecology.

[27]  D. Saxena,et al.  Transgenic plants: Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn , 1999, Nature.

[28]  Bacterial diversity of the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays) grown in tropical soil studied by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis , 2002 .

[29]  Deepak Saxena,et al.  Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin released from root exudates and biomass of Bt corn has no apparent effect on earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi in soil , 2001 .

[30]  M. Savka,et al.  Modification of rhizobacterial populations by engineering bacterium utilization of a novel plant-produced resource , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[31]  H. Heuer,et al.  Bulk and Rhizosphere Soil Bacterial Communities Studied by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis: Plant-Dependent Enrichment and Seasonal Shifts Revealed , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[32]  G. Berg,et al.  Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antagonistic bacteria associated with roots of transgenic and non-transgenic potato plants. , 2001, Microbiological research.

[33]  J. Stone,et al.  Microbial populations, fungal species diversity and plant pathogen levels in field plots of potato plants expressing theBacillus thuringiensis var.tenebrionis endotoxin , 2005, Transgenic Research.

[34]  D. Schubert.  A different perspective on GM food , 2002, Nature Biotechnology.

[35]  W. Wackernagel,et al.  Increased Killing of Bacillus subtilison the Hair Roots of Transgenic T4 Lysozyme-Producing Potatoes , 2000, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[36]  F. Fiorani,et al.  Efflux and active re-absorption of glucose in roots of cotton plants grown under saline conditions , 2000, Plant and Soil.

[37]  H. Heuer,et al.  Bacterial diversity of the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays) grown in tropical soil studied by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis , 2004, Plant and Soil.

[38]  A. Guckert,et al.  Impact of growth stage on the bacterial community structure along maize roots, as determined by metabolic and genetic fingerprinting , 2002 .

[39]  G. Stotzky,et al.  Bt corn has a higher lignin content than non-Bt corn. , 2001, American journal of botany.

[40]  S. Tabacchioni,et al.  Influence of plant development, cultivar and soil type on microbial colonization of maize roots , 1998 .

[41]  J. Thioulouse,et al.  Characterization of Bacterial and Fungal Soil Communities by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis Fingerprints: Biological and Methodological Variability , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[42]  Diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and root interior of field‐grown genetically modified Brassica napus , 2001 .