Hierarchies of Conditional Beliefs and Interactive Epistemology in Dynamic Games

Abstract The epistemic analysis of solution concepts for dynamic games involves statements about the players' beliefs conditional upon different histories of play, their conditional beliefs about each other's conditional beliefs, etc. To represent such statements, we construct a space of infinite (coherent) hierarchies of conditional probability systems, defined with respect to a fixed collection of relevant hypotheses concerning an external state (e.g., the strategy profile being played.) As an application, we derive results about common certainty of the opponent's rationality conditonal on an arbitrary collection of histories in multistage games with observed actions and (possibly) incomplete information. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D82.

[1]  A. Rényi On a new axiomatic theory of probability , 1955 .

[2]  J. Harsanyi Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players Part II. Bayesian Equilibrium Points , 1968 .

[3]  R. Rosenthal Games of perfect information, predatory pricing and the chain-store paradox , 1981 .

[4]  B. Bernheim Rationalizable Strategic Behavior , 1984 .

[5]  R. Myerson MULTISTAGE GAMES WITH COMMUNICATION , 1984 .

[6]  David Pearce Rationalizable Strategic Behavior and the Problem of Perfection , 1984 .

[7]  S. Zamir,et al.  Formulation of Bayesian analysis for games with incomplete information , 1985 .

[8]  A. Kechris Classical descriptive set theory , 1987 .

[9]  T. Tan,et al.  The Bayesian foundations of solution concepts of games , 1988 .

[10]  Peter Gärdenfors,et al.  Knowledge in Flux , 1988 .

[11]  R. M. Dudley,et al.  Real Analysis and Probability , 1989 .

[12]  W. Salmon,et al.  Knowledge in Flux , 1991 .

[13]  P. Reny Backward Induction, Normal Form Perfection and Explicable Equilibria , 1992 .

[14]  Pierpaolo Battigalli,et al.  Synchronic Information and Common Knowledge in Extensive Games , 1993 .

[15]  Eddie Dekel,et al.  Hierarchies of Beliefs and Common Knowledge , 1993 .

[16]  P. Reny Common Belief and the Theory of Games with Perfect Information , 1993 .

[17]  Dov Samet,et al.  Hypothetical Knowledge and Games with Perfect Information , 1996 .

[18]  Ariel Rubinstein,et al.  A Course in Game Theory , 1995 .

[19]  R. Aumann Backward induction and common knowledge of rationality , 1995 .

[20]  P. Reny Rational Behaviour in Extensive-Form Games , 1995 .

[21]  Robert J. Aumann,et al.  Reply to Binmore , 1996 .

[22]  K. Binmore A note on backward induction , 1996 .

[23]  A. Rubinstein,et al.  A Course in Game Theory , 1995 .

[24]  Robert Stalnaker Knowledge, Belief and Counterfactual Reasoning in Games , 1996, Economics and Philosophy.

[25]  Pierpaolo Battigalli,et al.  Strategic Rationality Orderings and the Best Rationalization Principle , 1996 .

[26]  A. Heifetz,et al.  Topology-Free Typology of Beliefs , 1998 .

[27]  Pierpaolo Battigalli,et al.  An Epistemic Characterization of Extensive Form Rationalizability , 1997 .

[28]  David M. Kreps,et al.  Rationality and knowledge in game theory , 1997 .

[29]  Pierpaolo Battigalli,et al.  On Rationalizability in Extensive Games , 1997 .

[30]  Eyal Winter,et al.  A Necessary and Sufficient Epistemic Condition for Playing Backward Induction , 1997 .

[31]  Elchanan Ben-Porath,et al.  Rationality, Nash Equilibrium and Backwards Induction in Perfect-Information Games , 1997 .

[32]  Robert Stalnaker,et al.  Belief revision in games: forward and backward induction 1 Thanks to the participants in the LOFT2 m , 1998 .

[33]  Pierpaolo Battigalli,et al.  Interactive beliefs, epistemic independence and strong rationalizability , 1999 .

[34]  Dov Samet,et al.  Coherent beliefs are not always types , 1999 .