Characterization of materials released into water from paint containing nano-SiO2.

In order to assess the possible risks of applications containing engineered nanomaterials, it is essential to generate more data about their release and exposure, so far largely overlooked areas of research. The aim of this work was to study the characterization of the materials released from paint containing nano-SiO2 during weathering and exposure to water. Panels coated with nano-SiO2 containing paint and a nano-free reference paint were exposed to accelerated weathering cycles in a climate chamber. The total release of 89 six-hour cycles of UV-illumination and precipitation was 2.3% of the total SiO2 contained in the paint. Additional tests with powdered and aged paint showed that the majority of the released Si was present in dissolved form and that only a small percentage was present in particulate and nano-particulate form. TEM imaging of the leachates indicated that the majority of the particulate Si was contained in composites together with Ca, representing the paint matrix, and only few single dispersed SiO2-NPs were detected. The results suggest that toxicological and ecotoxicological studies need to consider that the released particles may have been transformed or are embedded in a matrix.

[1]  J. Njuguna,et al.  Assessment of Nanoparticle Release from Polyamide 6- and Polypropylene-Silicon Composites and Cytotoxicity in Human Lung A549 Cells , 2013, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials.

[2]  Catherine Sirguey,et al.  Ecotoxicological assessment of TiO2 byproducts on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[3]  Colin R. Janssen,et al.  Ecotoxicity of silica nanoparticles to the green alga pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: Importance of surface area , 2008, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[4]  M Boller,et al.  Synthetic TiO2 nanoparticle emission from exterior facades into the aquatic environment. , 2008, Environmental pollution.

[5]  Michael Burkhardt,et al.  Release of silver nanoparticles from outdoor facades. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[6]  K Hungerbühler,et al.  Release of titanium dioxide from textiles during washing. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  D. R. Bauer.  Interpreting weathering acceleration factors for automotive coatings using exposure models , 2000 .

[8]  A. S. Khanna,et al.  Nanotechnology in High Performance Paint Coatings , 2008 .

[9]  Maria Dusinska,et al.  The importance of life cycle concepts for the development of safe nanoproducts. , 2010, Toxicology.

[10]  Igor Linkov,et al.  Environmental risk analysis for nanomaterials: Review and evaluation of frameworks , 2012, Nanotoxicology.

[11]  Fadri Gottschalk,et al.  The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment. , 2011, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[12]  Nicklas Raun Jacobsen,et al.  Inflammatory and genotoxic effects of sanding dust generated from nanoparticle-containing paints and lacquers , 2012, Nanotoxicology.

[13]  Marco Gaiani,et al.  Leaching of nanoparticles from experimental water-borne paints under laboratory test conditions , 2013, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[14]  S. Rossi,et al.  Evaluation of durability of nano-silica containing clear coats for automotive applications , 2011 .

[15]  Y. Kimura,et al.  Application of silica-containing nano-composite emulsion to wall paint: A new environmentally safe paint of high performance , 2006 .

[16]  Stefan Seeger,et al.  Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[17]  Bernd Nowack,et al.  Release of TiO2 from paints containing pigment-TiO2 or nano-TiO2 by weathering. , 2013, Environmental science. Processes & impacts.

[18]  P. Westerhoff,et al.  Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[19]  Mamiko Sato,et al.  Size-dependent toxicity of silica nano-particles to Chlorella kessleri , 2008, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[20]  Dominick V. Rosato,et al.  Environmental effects on polymeric materials , 1968 .

[21]  Keld Alstrup Jensen,et al.  Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation , 2009 .

[22]  Antonio Marcomini,et al.  Risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials: a review of available data and approaches from a regulatory perspective , 2012, Nanotoxicology.

[23]  Martin Scheringer,et al.  Size-fractionated characterization and quantification of nanoparticle release rates from a consumer spray product containing engineered nanoparticles , 2010 .

[24]  Jean-François Masfaraud,et al.  Environmental impact of sunscreen nanomaterials: ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of altered TiO2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[25]  K Hungerbühler,et al.  Characterization of silver release from commercially available functional (nano)textiles. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[26]  Jian Sun,et al.  The change of the properties of acrylic-based polyurethane via addition of nano-silica , 2002 .

[27]  H. Bouwmeester,et al.  Knowledge gaps in risk assessment of nanosilica in food: evaluation of the dissolution and toxicity of different forms of silica , 2013, Nanotoxicology.

[28]  Michael Osterhold,et al.  Methods for characterizing the mar resistance , 2002 .

[29]  N. Stelter,et al.  Risk assessment of amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles in a glass cleaner formulation , 2012, Nanotoxicology.

[30]  Peter Wick,et al.  Human Health Risk of Ingested Nanoparticles That Are Added as Multifunctional Agents to Paints: an In Vitro Study , 2013, PloS one.

[31]  Peter Wick,et al.  Is nanotechnology revolutionizing the paint and lacquer industry? A critical opinion. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[32]  Jeanne Garric,et al.  Effects of aged TiO2 nanomaterial from sunscreen on Daphnia magna exposed by dietary route. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[33]  Paul Westerhoff,et al.  Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[34]  M Boller,et al.  Biocides used in building materials and their leaching behavior to sewer systems. , 2007, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[35]  Lucas Reijnders,et al.  Use of nanomaterials in the European construction industry and some occupational health aspects thereof , 2011 .

[36]  Pedro J. J. Alvarez,et al.  Nanomaterials in the construction industry: a review of their applications and environmental health and safety considerations. , 2010, ACS nano.

[37]  L. Reijnders.  The release of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles from nanocomposites , 2009 .

[38]  Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon,et al.  Determination of silver nanoparticle release from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat , 2010, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[39]  P. Stutzman,et al.  Direct Evidence of Nanoparticle Release from Epoxy Nanocomposites Exposed to UV Radiation | NIST , 2010 .

[40]  Albert A Koelmans,et al.  Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment , 2012, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[41]  Saioa Zorita,et al.  Aging of photocatalytic coatings under a water flow: Long run performance and TiO2 nanoparticles release , 2012 .

[42]  A. Al-Azzawi,et al.  Mechanical Alloying and Milling , 2015 .

[43]  Ioannis Zuburtikudis,et al.  Fabrication of super-hydrophobic surfaces for enhanced stone protection , 2009 .