INTRODUCED SPECIES: A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF HUMAN-CAUSED GLOBAL CHANGE

Humans move species beyond their native ranges both deliberately and inadvertently, and many of these species become established and spread in their new habitat. The list of established introduced species grows annually, as does the number of them that cause significant economic and ecological effects. One recent and notorious example in North America is the Eurasian zebra mussel which like many other aquatic organisms entered in the ballast water of ships, and like many others spread rapidly once it arrived. The invasion of zebra mussels is unusual in the magnitude of its economic consequences; the mussels grow and reproduce rapidly, covering river and lake bottoms and municipal and industrial water inlets. The cost of clearing blocked intake pipes has been calculated to be approximately US$2 billion (Office of Technology Assessment, 1993). Zebra mussels also alter populations of algae and the concentrations of nutrients in whole ecosystems (Caraco et al., 1997), and they are continuing to spread in rivers, lakes, and canals throughout North America. We suggest that biological invasions by notorious species like the zebra mussel, and its many less-famous counterparts, have become so widespread as to represent a significant component of global environmental change. This point has been made before (eg Elton, 1958), but is not widely appreciated, even by the global change research community or by those who study and/or work to control biological invasions. In part, this lack of appreciation reflects the fact that our perception is limited spatially it is possible to document the presence and importance of biological invasions almost anywhere, but more difficult to perceive that invasions are almost everywhere. In part, it may also reflect a narrow view of global environmental change, one that emphasizes climate change (global warming) at the expense of other, equally significant components of human-caused global change. In this paper, we place biological invasions in context with other human-caused global environmental changes; briefly describe the global extent of biological invasion; illustrate the consequences of particular invasions as they affect human health and wealth, and/or the functioning and biological diversity of natural ecosystems; discuss interactions between biological invasions and other components of global change; and describe ways that society can prevent, manage, and/or cope with invasions.