Communication Norms and the Collective Cognitive Performance of "Invisible Colleges".

Scientific research communities may be studied as social networks within which ideas or statements circulate, acquire validity as reliable knowledge, and are recombined to generate further new ideas. Social networks also form the locus for the transmission of tacit knowledge and skills requisite to the interpretation and operationalization of scientific statements. These extensive, yet informal structures of inter-personal knowledge-transactions have been referred to as constituting “invisible colleges”. This paper develops an abstract and highly stylized account of the communications structure of an invisible college, and examines its collective epistemological performance by employing concepts and results from Markov random field theory.

[1]  A. Kirman,et al.  Stochastic Communication and Coalition Formation , 1986 .

[2]  G. Snooks.  Historical Analysis in Economics , 1995 .

[3]  Thomas C. Schelling,et al.  Dynamic models of segregation , 1971 .

[4]  P. David,et al.  Toward a new economics of science , 1994 .

[5]  T. E. Harris.  Additive Set-Valued Markov Processes and Graphical Methods , 1978 .

[6]  M. Polanyi.  Chapter 7 – The Tacit Dimension , 1997 .

[7]  Jean-Michel Dalle,et al.  Dynamiques d'adoption, coordination et diversité : la diffusion des standards technologiques. , 1995, Revue économique.

[8]  A. Arora,et al.  Reputation and Competence in Publicly Funded Science: Estimating the Effects on Research Group Productivity , 1998 .

[9]  Niklas Luhmann,et al.  Die Wissenschaft Der Gesellschaft , 1992 .

[10]  Pablo Kreimer.  Handbook of science mad Technology Studies, Jasanoff, S., Markle, G., Petersen, J. y Pinch, T. (comps.), London, New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, Sage, 1995, 820 páginas , 1995 .

[11]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  A History of Mechanical Inventions , 1961, Nature.

[12]  S. Woolgar,et al.  The Manufacture of Knowledge: an Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science , 1982 .

[13]  Carl G. Adler,et al.  Galileo and the Tower of Pisa experiment , 1978 .

[14]  P. Clifford,et al.  A model for spatial conflict , 1973 .

[15]  J. Laurie Snell,et al.  Markov Random Fields and Their Applications , 1980 .

[16]  W. Quine.  The two dogmas of empiricism , 1951 .

[17]  L. Taylor,et al.  The Neglect of Experiment , 1986 .

[18]  Henry E. Kyburg,et al.  Science as Process. , 1993 .

[19]  Willard Van Orman Quine,et al.  From a Logical Point of View , 1955 .

[20]  Graham Priest,et al.  Can Theories Be Refuted , 1976 .

[21]  Niklas Luhmann,et al.  Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft , 1997 .

[22]  J. M. Hammersley,et al.  Percolation theory and its ramifications , 1980 .

[23]  I. Lakatos,et al.  Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge: Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes , 1970 .

[24]  Partha Dasgupta,et al.  Information Disclosure and the Economics of Science and Technology , 1987 .

[25]  H. M. Collins,et al.  The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks , 1974 .

[26]  D J PRICE,et al.  NETWORKS OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. , 1965, Science.

[27]  Loet Leydesdorff,et al.  The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communications , 2001 .

[28]  Imre Lakatos,et al.  Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge , 1972 .

[29]  Alan Kirman,et al.  Ants, Rationality, and Recruitment , 1993 .

[30]  Jean-Michel Dalle,et al.  Marshallian Externalities And The Emergence And Spatial Stability Of Technological Enclaves , 1998 .

[31]  Charles W. Butler,et al.  Naturally intelligent systems , 1990 .

[32]  D. Campbell.  Variation and Selective retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution , 1965 .

[33]  Harriet Zuckerman,et al.  Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States: , 1979 .

[34]  Dominique Foray.  Dynamics of competitive technology diffusion through local network structures , 1994 .

[35]  D. Price,et al.  Little Science, Big Science and Beyond , 1986 .

[36]  D. Foray,et al.  The Economics of Codification and the Diffusion of Knowledge , 1997 .

[37]  R. Holley,et al.  Ergodic Theorems for Weakly Interacting Infinite Systems and the Voter Model , 1975 .

[38]  John Ziman,et al.  An Introduction To Science Studies , 1984 .

[39]  Ashish Arora,et al.  Public Policy towards Science: Picking Stars or Spreading the Wealth ? , 1997 .

[40]  Shane Greenstein,et al.  The Economics of Compatibility of Standards , 1990 .

[41]  K. Arrow.  Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention , 1962 .

[42]  Dominique Foray,et al.  Percolation structures, Markov random fields and the economics of EDI standards diffusion , 1993 .

[43]  D. Crane.  Scientists at major and minor universities: a study of productivity and recognition. , 1965, American sociological review.

[44]  Dominique Foray,et al.  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy Dsti/stp/tip(94)4 Working Group on Innovation and Technology Policy Accessing and Expanding the Science and Technology Knowledge Base Complete Doc , 2022 .

[45]  Kenneth J. Arrow,et al.  Political and Economic Evaluation of Social Effects and Externalities , 1970 .

[46]  P. David,et al.  Additionality as a principle of European R&D funding , 1995 .

[47]  Sheila Jasanoff,et al.  Handbook of Science and Technology Studies , 1995 .

[48]  J. R. Cameron,et al.  Logic and Language: Studies Dedicated to Professor Rudolf Carnap on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday. , 1963 .

[49]  Willard Van Orman Quine.  Carnap and Logical Truth , 1960 .

[50]  P. David,et al.  The Economics Of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction To Recent Research 1 , 1990 .

[51]  Patrick Suppes,et al.  Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences , 1969 .

[52]  小林 和雄.  図書紹介:『Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology』 , 1990 .

[53]  D. Mowery,et al.  Analysing The Economic Payoffs From Basic Research , 1992 .

[54]  G. R. Feiwel.  Arrow and the ascent of modern economic theory , 1987 .

[55]  Paula E. Stephan.  The Economics of Science , 1996 .

[56]  A. Arora,et al.  The changing technology of technological change: general and abstract knowledge and the division of , 1994 .

[57]  Gerard Pogorel.  Global Telecommunications Strategies and Technological Changes , 1994 .

[58]  Ove Granstrand.  Economics of Technology , 1994 .

[59]  Glenn Ellison.  Learning, Local Interaction, and Coordination , 1993 .

[60]  B. Barnes.  Scientific knowledge and sociological theory , 1974 .

[61]  J. T. Cox,et al.  Coalescing Random Walks and Voter Model Consensus Times on the Torus in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ , 1989 .

[62]  M. Mulkay.  Science and the sociology of knowledge , 1979 .

[63]  Stephen Cole,et al.  Social Stratification in Science. , 1973 .

[64]  L. Anderlini,et al.  Path Dependence and Learning from Neighbors , 1996 .

[65]  Glenn Ellison,et al.  Word-of-Mouth Communication and Social Learning , 1995 .

[66]  M. Callon.  Four Models for the Dynamics of Science , 1995 .

[67]  Paul A. David.  Science reorganized? : Post-modern visions of research and the curse of success , 1996 .

[68]  J. Hirshleifer.  The Private and Social Value of Information and the Reward to Inventive Activity , 1971 .

[69]  Sanjeev Goyal,et al.  Learning from Neighbors , 1995 .

[70]  K. Popper,et al.  Conjectures and Refutations , 1963 .

[71]  L. Blume.  The Statistical Mechanics of Strategic Interaction , 1993 .

[72]  D. Bloor,et al.  Knowledge and Social Imagery , 1977 .

[73]  R. Merton,et al.  The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations , 1975, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.

[74]  David C. Mowery,et al.  Technology and the Wealth of Nations , 1992 .

[75]  J. Snell,et al.  On the relation between Markov random fields and social networks , 1980 .

[76]  I. Lakatos.  Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes , 1976 .

[77]  K. Popper,et al.  The Logic of Scientific Discovery , 1960 .

[78]  J. W. Grove,et al.  Interests and the Growth of Knowledge , 1981 .

[79]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[80]  M. Trajtenberg,et al.  Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting, 19651988 , 1995, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[81]  R. Alba.  A graph‐theoretic definition of a sociometric clique† , 1973 .

[82]  Stephen Cole,et al.  Social Stratification in Science , 1974 .

[83]  G. Stigler.  The Economics of Information , 1961, Journal of Political Economy.