Challenges in neural interface electronics: miniaturization and wireless operation

Abstract This chapter covers the basics and challenges in electronic circuits needed for neural recording and stimulation to realize wireless and batteryless implants in small size. Long operation distance, high bandwidth and processing capability, and low power densities are desired. However, meeting these in a small batteryless system remains a big design challenge. Important aspects of these implants, namely, equivalent electrical circuit model of neural microelectrode arrays, analog front end of the interface electronics for recording, circuit block for stimulation, integrated on-chip microprocessing, programmability, and wireless power and data transfer are discussed in this chapter. Radio frequency, optical, and ultrasonic methods are emphasized as viable solutions for wireless operation.

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