Coherence Threshold and the Continuity of Processing: The RI-Val Model of Comprehension

Common to all models of reading comprehension is the assumption that a reader's level of comprehension is heavily influenced by their standards of coherence (van den Broek, Risden, & Husbye-Hartman, 1995). Our discussion focuses on a subcomponent of the readers' standards of coherence: the coherence threshold. We situate this discussion within our RI-Val model of comprehension in which we assume that three prominent processes—activation, integration, and validation—all run to completion regardless of whether readers have reached their coherence threshold. This continuity assumption provides the basis for predictions about the timing of processing effects both before and after the reader has reached the coherence threshold. We suggest that the coherence threshold assumption may have implications for several current areas of discourse processing research.

[1]  E. J. O'Brien,et al.  Strategies for resolving coherence breaks in reading , 1995 .

[2]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  What is readily available during reading? A memory‐based view of text processing , 1998 .

[3]  A. E. Cook,et al.  Processing anomalous anaphors , 2014, Memory & Cognition.

[4]  David N. Rapp,et al.  Integrating Memory-Based and Constructionist Processes in Accounts of Reading Comprehension , 2005 .

[5]  Murray Singer,et al.  Exploring Individual Differences in Language Validation , 2014 .

[6]  L. Reder,et al.  Locus of the Moses Illusion: Imperfect encoding, retrieval, or match? , 1991 .

[7]  David N. Rapp,et al.  Fool Me Twice: The Consequences of Reading (and Rereading) Inaccurate Information , 2014 .

[8]  David N. Rapp,et al.  Reducing reliance on inaccurate information , 2014, Memory & cognition.

[9]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  Updating Situation Models: Reply to Zwaan and Madden (2004) , 2004 .

[10]  E. J. O'Brien,et al.  Retrieval of concepts in script-based texts and narratives: the influence of general world knowledge. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[11]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Memory-based language processing: psycholinguistic research in the 1990s. , 1998, Annual review of psychology.

[12]  Hartmut Leuthold,et al.  Eye-movements and ERPs reveal the time course of processing negation and remitting counterfactual worlds , 2008, Brain Research.

[13]  Jason E. Albrecht,et al.  Comprehension strategies in the development of a mental model. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[14]  Murray Singer,et al.  Verification of Text Ideas during Reading. , 2006 .

[15]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition , 1998 .

[16]  Tobias Richter,et al.  Validation and Comprehension of Text Information: Two Sides of the Same Coin , 2015 .

[17]  P. Broek,et al.  The role of readers' standards for coherence in the generation of inferences during reading. , 1995 .

[18]  Eleen N. Kamas,et al.  Partial matching in the Moses illusion: Response bias not sensitivity , 1996, Memory & cognition.

[19]  Karl G. D. Bailey,et al.  Good-Enough Representations in Language Comprehension , 2002 .

[20]  Jerome L. Myers,et al.  Processing discourse roles in scripted narratives: The influences of context and world knowledge , 2004 .

[21]  Morton Ann Gernsbacher,et al.  Language Comprehension As Structure Building , 1990 .

[22]  Walter Kintsch,et al.  Toward a model of text comprehension and production. , 1978 .

[23]  Sabine Guéraud,et al.  Accessibility of outdated information. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[24]  E. J. O'Brien,et al.  Accessing global causes during reading. , 1996 .

[25]  Anthony J. Sanford,et al.  Context, Attention and Depth of Processing During Interpretation , 2002 .

[26]  Kathryn S. McCarthy,et al.  Interpretive inferences in literature , 2015 .

[27]  Jason E. Albrecht,et al.  Updating a situation model: a memory-based text processing view. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[28]  Tobias Richter,et al.  Does Validation During Language Comprehension Depend on an Evaluative Mindset? , 2014 .

[29]  William S. Horton,et al.  Amazing Stories: Acquiring and Avoiding Inaccurate Information From Fiction , 2014 .

[30]  Fernanda Ferreira,et al.  The 'Good Enough' Approach to Language Comprehension , 2007, Lang. Linguistics Compass.

[31]  K. Rayner,et al.  Pronoun assignment and semantic integration during reading: eye movements and immediacy of processing , 1983 .

[32]  Jason E. Albrecht,et al.  Updating a mental model: maintaining both local and global coherence , 1993 .

[33]  T. Trabasso,et al.  Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. , 1994, Psychological review.

[34]  Lei Mo,et al.  Passive reactivation of background information from long-term memory during reading , 2006, Neuroreport.

[35]  William S. Horton,et al.  Pilgrims sailing the Titanic: Plausibility effects on memory for misinformation , 2014, Memory & cognition.

[36]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  Knowledge Activation, Integration, and Validation During Narrative Text Comprehension , 2014 .

[37]  Jason L. G. Braasch,et al.  Processing Inaccurate Information: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives from Cognitive Science and the Educational Sciences , 2014 .

[38]  Simon Garrod,et al.  The role of scenario mapping in text comprehension. , 1998 .

[39]  Edward J.O’Brien and Jerome L.Myers Text Comprehension: A View From the Bottom Up , 1999 .

[40]  Emily R. Smith,et al.  Updating during reading comprehension: why causality matters. , 2013, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[41]  Heather J. Ferguson,et al.  Eye movements reveal rapid concurrent access to factual and counterfactual interpretations of the world , 2012, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[42]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  Knowledge Revision Processes in Refutation Texts , 2014 .

[43]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  Models of Discourse Comprehension , 2015 .

[44]  Mante S. Nieuwland,et al.  If the real world were irrelevant, so to speak: The role of propositional truth-value in counterfactual sentence comprehension , 2012, Cognition.

[45]  E. J. O'Brien,et al.  Maintaining global coherence during reading , 1994 .

[46]  S. Garrod,et al.  What, when, and how?: Questions of immediacy in anaphoric reference resolution , 1989 .

[47]  R. Brooke Lea,et al.  Have We Been Searching for Meaning in All the Wrong Places? Defining the "Search After Meaning" Principle in Comprehension , 2005 .

[48]  Jerome L. Myers,et al.  Accessing the discourse representation during reading , 1998 .

[49]  E J O'Brien,et al.  Effects of centrality on retrieval of text-based concepts. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[50]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  The Knowledge Revision Components (KReC) Framework: Processes and Mechanisms , 2014 .

[51]  Tracy Linderholm,et al.  The impact of strategy instruction and timing of estimates on low and high working-memory capacity readers' absolute monitoring accuracy , 2008 .

[52]  Mary Jane White,et al.  When a reader meets a text: The role of standards of coherence in reading comprehension. , 2011 .

[53]  Jerome L. Myers,et al.  Semantic and Episodic Effects on Bridging Inferences , 2000 .

[54]  K. Rayner,et al.  Eye Movements and Anaphor Resolution: Effects of Antecedent Typicality and Distance , 1990, Language and speech.

[55]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  Inference during reading. , 1992, Psychological review.

[56]  Johanna K. Kaakinen,et al.  Perspective Effects on Expository Text Comprehension: Evidence From Think-Aloud Protocols, Eyetracking, and Recall , 2005 .

[57]  John D Murray,et al.  Accessing Situation Model Information: Memory-Based Processing Versus Here-and-Now Accounts , 2005, The Journal of psychology.

[58]  D. Rapp How do readers handle incorrect information during reading? , 2008, Memory & cognition.

[59]  P. Broek,et al.  The effects of prior knowledge and text structure on comprehension processes during reading of scientific texts , 2007, Memory & cognition.

[60]  C. Klin,et al.  Maintaining global coherence in reading: The role of sentence boundaries , 2000, Memory & cognition.

[61]  Robert F. Lorch,et al.  The effects of readers’ goals on inference generation and memory for texts , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[62]  Edward J. O'Brien,et al.  Chapter Seven - Separating the Activation, Integration, and Validation Components of Reading , 2016 .

[63]  P. Broek,et al.  The effects of reading purpose and working memory capacity on the processing of expository text. , 2002 .

[64]  Rolf A. Zwaan,et al.  Situation models in language comprehension and memory. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[65]  Heather J. Ferguson,et al.  Anomalies in real and counterfactual worlds : An eye-movement investigation , 2008 .

[66]  Celia M. Klin,et al.  When Anaphor Resolution Fails , 2000 .

[67]  Panayiota Kendeou,et al.  Validation and Comprehension: An Integrated Overview , 2014 .

[68]  W. Kintsch The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: a construction-integration model. , 1988, Psychological review.

[69]  Murray Singer,et al.  Validation in Reading Comprehension , 2013 .

[70]  Sabine Guéraud,et al.  Updating Situation Models: The Memory-Based Contribution , 2005 .

[71]  Kathryn S. McCarthy,et al.  Comprehension of Short Stories: Effects of Task Instructions on Literary Interpretation , 2015 .