Structural organization of the anaphase-promoting complex bound to the mitotic activator Slp1.

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a conserved multisubunit E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase required to signal the degradation of key cell-cycle regulators. Using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we have determined a three-dimensional (3D) structure of the core APC/C from Schizosaccharomyces pombe bound to the APC/C activator Slp1/Cdc20. At the 27 A resolution of our density map, the APC/C is a triangular-shaped structure, approximately 19x17x15 nm in size, with a deep internal cavity and a prominent horn-like protrusion emanating from a lip of the cavity. Using antibody labeling and mutant analysis, we have localized 12 of 13 core APC/C components, as well as the position of the activator Slp1, enabling us to propose a structural model of APC/C organization. Comparison of the APC/C with another multiprotein E3 ligase, the SCF complex, uncovers remarkable structural similarities.

[1]  Xiaohong Liu,et al.  Direct interaction between Smad3, APC10, CDH1 and HEF1 in proteasomal degradation of HEF1 , 2004, BMC Cell Biology.

[2]  J. Peters,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of the anaphase-promoting complex. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[3]  H. Nishitani,et al.  Two Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes, UbcP1/Ubc4 and UbcP4/Ubc11, Have Distinct Functions for Ubiquitination of Mitotic Cyclin , 2003, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[4]  P. Hieter,et al.  The APC11 RING-H2 finger mediates E2-dependent ubiquitination. , 2000, Molecular biology of the cell.

[5]  S. Matsumoto,et al.  High dosage expression of a zinc finger protein, Grt1, suppresses a mutant of fission yeast slp1(+), a homolog of CDC20/p55CDC/Fizzy. , 2000, Journal of cell science.

[6]  Sebastian Maurer-Stroh,et al.  The WD40 propeller domain of Cdh1 functions as a destruction box receptor for APC/C substrates. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[7]  J. Peters The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome: a machine designed to destroy , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[8]  J. Frank,et al.  Three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy of ribosomes. , 2000, Methods in enzymology.

[9]  A. Musacchio,et al.  The spindle checkpoint: structural insights into dynamic signalling , 2002, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[10]  P. Philippsen,et al.  Additional modules for versatile and economical PCR‐based gene deletion and modification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1998, Yeast.

[11]  Chao Yang,et al.  Estimation of variance in single-particle reconstruction using the bootstrap technique. , 2006, Journal of structural biology.

[12]  Tim Hunt,et al.  Cell cycle-regulated recognition of the destruction box of cyclin B by the APC/C in Xenopus egg extracts. , 2004, Molecular cell.

[13]  Wah Chiu,et al.  Structural analysis of the anaphase-promoting complex reveals multiple active sites and insights into polyubiquitylation. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[14]  J Frank,et al.  Three-dimensional reconstruction of single particles embedded in ice. , 1992, Ultramicroscopy.

[15]  M. Kirschner,et al.  Substrate recognition by the Cdc20 and Cdh1 components of the anaphase-promoting complex. , 2001, Genes & development.

[16]  M. Yanagida,et al.  Distinct subunit functions and cell cycle regulated phosphorylation of 20S APC/cyclosome required for anaphase in fission yeast. , 1997, Journal of cell science.

[17]  M. Kirschner,et al.  The KEN box: an APC recognition signal distinct from the D box targeted by Cdh1. , 2000, Genes & development.

[18]  S. Moreno,et al.  APCste9/srw1 promotes degradation of mitotic cyclins in G1 and is inhibited by cdc2 phosphorylation , 2000, The EMBO journal.

[19]  Karl Mechtler,et al.  Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase‐promoting complex by phosphorylation , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[20]  R. Huber,et al.  Crystal structure of the APC10/DOC1 subunit of the human anaphase-promoting complex , 2001, Nature Structural Biology.

[21]  Bianca Habermann,et al.  Swm1/Apc13 Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Stabilizing the Association of Cdc16 and Cdc27 , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[22]  Sebastian Maurer-Stroh,et al.  TPR Subunits of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Mediate Binding to the Activator Protein CDH1 , 2003, Current Biology.

[23]  D. Toczyski,et al.  Precise destruction: an emerging picture of the APC. , 2006, Genes & development.

[24]  C. Pickart,et al.  Mechanisms underlying ubiquitination. , 2001, Annual review of biochemistry.

[25]  M van Heel,et al.  A new generation of the IMAGIC image processing system. , 1996, Journal of structural biology.

[26]  Christopher W. Carroll,et al.  The APC Subunit Doc1 Promotes Recognition of the Substrate Destruction Box , 2005, Current Biology.

[27]  R A Crowther,et al.  MRC image processing programs. , 1996, Journal of structural biology.

[28]  K. Gould,et al.  Vectors and gene targeting modules for tandem affinity purification in Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 2001, Yeast.

[29]  Andrew J Link,et al.  Role of Hcn1 and Its Phosphorylation in Fission Yeast Anaphase-promoting Complex/Cyclosome Function* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  S. Moreno,et al.  Molecular genetic analysis of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. , 1991, Methods in enzymology.

[31]  B. Böttcher,et al.  Determination of the fold of the core protein of hepatitis B virus by electron cryomicroscopy , 1997, Nature.

[32]  K. Ferrell,et al.  Characteristics of 26 S proteases from fission yeast mutants, which arrest in mitosis. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[33]  M. Mann,et al.  The RING-H2 finger protein APC11 and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  Lynne D. Berry,et al.  The Schizosaccharomyces pombe dim1+ Gene Interacts with the Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) Component lid1+ and Is Required for APC/C Function , 1999, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[35]  Christopher W Carroll,et al.  An architectural map of the anaphase-promoting complex. , 2006, Genes & development.

[36]  J. Frank,et al.  Three‐dimensional reconstruction from a single‐exposure, random conical tilt series applied to the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli , 1987, Journal of microscopy.

[37]  M. Solomon,et al.  Assembly of an APC-Cdh1-substrate complex is stimulated by engagement of a destruction box. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[38]  J. Frank,et al.  A common-lines based method for determining orientations for N > 3 particle projections simultaneously. , 1996, Ultramicroscopy.

[39]  S. Sazer,et al.  SAC-ing mitotic errors: how the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) plays defense against chromosome mis-segregation. , 2005, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[40]  A. Willems,et al.  Studies on the transformation of intact yeast cells by the LiAc/SS‐DNA/PEG procedure , 1995, Yeast.

[41]  J. Boeke,et al.  Efficient targeted integration at leu1-32 and ura4-294 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. , 1994, Genetics.

[42]  Dietmar Riedel,et al.  Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[43]  C. Gordon,et al.  A Conditional Lethal Mutant in the Fission Yeast 26 S Protease Subunit mts3 Is Defective in Metaphase to Anaphase Transition (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[44]  K. Gould,et al.  Proteomics Analysis Identifies New Components of the Fission and Budding Yeast Anaphase-Promoting Complexes , 2002, Current Biology.

[45]  P. Philippsen,et al.  Heterologous modules for efficient and versatile PCR‐based gene targeting in Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 1998, Yeast.

[46]  Thomas Walz,et al.  Single particle reconstructions of the transferrin-transferrin receptor complex obtained with different specimen preparation techniques. , 2006, Journal of molecular biology.

[47]  Jan-Michael Peters,et al.  The anaphase-promoting complex: proteolysis in mitosis and beyond. , 2002, Molecular cell.

[48]  T. Matsumoto A fission yeast homolog of CDC20/p55CDC/Fizzy is required for recovery from DNA damage and genetically interacts with p34cdc2 , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[49]  N. Grigorieff,et al.  Accurate determination of local defocus and specimen tilt in electron microscopy. , 2003, Journal of structural biology.

[50]  Thomas Walz,et al.  Negative Staining and Image Classification – Powerful Tools in Modern Electron Microscopy , 2004, Biological Procedures Online.

[51]  Nikolaus Grigorieff,et al.  FREALIGN: high-resolution refinement of single particle structures. , 2007, Journal of structural biology.

[52]  J Wade Harper,et al.  The anaphase-promoting complex: it's not just for mitosis any more. , 2002, Genes & development.

[53]  O. Cohen-Fix,et al.  The anaphase inhibitor Pds1 binds to the APC/C-associated protein Cdc20 in a destruction box-dependent manner , 2001, Current Biology.

[54]  M. Solomon,et al.  D box and KEN box motifs in budding yeast Hsl1p are required for APC-mediated degradation and direct binding to Cdc20p and Cdh1p. , 2001, Genes & development.

[55]  J Deisenhofer,et al.  APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase-promoting complex. , 2001, Molecular biology of the cell.

[56]  Christoph H Borchers,et al.  Mnd2 and Swm1 Are Core Subunits of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Anaphase-promoting Complex* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[57]  J Wade Harper,et al.  Doc1 mediates the activity of the anaphase‐promoting complex by contributing to substrate recognition , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[58]  Andrew W. Murray,et al.  Phosphorylation by Cdc28 Activates the Cdc20-Dependent Activity of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[59]  D. Barford,et al.  Coactivator functions in a stoichiometric complex with anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome to mediate substrate recognition , 2005, EMBO reports.

[60]  Conrad C. Huang,et al.  UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis , 2004, J. Comput. Chem..

[61]  J. Yates,et al.  A model for random sampling and estimation of relative protein abundance in shotgun proteomics. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[62]  Stephen S. Taylor,et al.  The spindle checkpoint: a quality control mechanism which ensures accurate chromosome segregation , 2004, Chromosome Research.

[63]  P. Melloy,et al.  The destruction box of the cyclin Clb2 binds the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome subunit Cdc23. , 2002, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[64]  K. Kitamura,et al.  Fission yeast Ste9, a homolog of Hct1/Cdh1 and Fizzy-related, is a novel negative regulator of cell cycle progression during G1-phase. , 1998, Molecular biology of the cell.

[65]  S. Elledge,et al.  Structure of the Cul1–Rbx1–Skp1–F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex , 2002, Nature.