Aqueous, High-Temperature Transformation of Carbohydrates Relative to Utilization of Biomass

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the aqueous, high-temperature transformation of carbohydrates. Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been directed toward the conversion of cellulosic biomass (materials such as wood wastes, bagasse, and straw) into useful products, notably fuels. Several procedures, including fermentation, gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis, have been commercially applied to carbohydrates with various degrees of success. To use the polysaccharides present in lignocellulosic materials as a substrate in fermentation processes, pretreatments are necessary, such as with steam (under slightly acid conditions) or alkali, followed by acid or enzymic hydrolysis. It is difficult to avoid some unwanted carbohydrate transformations in these pretreatments. Gasification is a rather direct and specific process. Liquefaction (hydrothermolysis) and pyrolysis are not so specific, as the mixtures obtained by these processes indicate that a complex series of mechanisms is involved. This chapter focuses on the transformation of monomeric saccharides the transformation of polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose. It also elaborates the concepts related to carbohydrate transformation in the presence of amino compounds.

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