Slip on shallow-dipping normal faults

Figure 1. Horizontal effective stress (σ3 – P), normalized to overburden (ρgz) as a function of fault dip for frictional failure, after Abers (2001). Coeffi cients of friction µ vary with line color (legend); solid lines show the case of hydrostatic pore pressure (λ = P/ρgz = 0.4) and dotted lines show near-lithostatic case (λ = 0.9). Faults can only slip for effective horizontal stress greater than the tensile strength, T, of the overlying rock, otherwise the hanging wall will fail by hydrofracture.

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