Automation of sample pretreatment for liquid chromatography

The purpose of this review is to discuss the strategic problems of automating sample preparation (SP) for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There is a general feeling that SP is the bottleneck of many HPLC procedures. Despite numerous reports of successful automation of SP, there are still many laboratories using manual or semiautomated SP procedures. This calls for a reevaluation of the present situation.

[1]  C. Barroso,et al.  Automation of sample preparation as a preliminary stage in the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of polyphenolic compounds in sherry wines , 1996 .

[2]  Robin A. Felder Clinical laboratory robotics in the 1990s , 1992 .

[3]  V. Cerdà,et al.  An Introduction to Laboratory Automation , 1991 .

[4]  H. Brückner,et al.  Liquid chromatographic determination of D- and L-amino acids by derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and N-isobutyryl-L-cysteine. Applications with reference to the analysis of peptidic antibiotics, toxins, drugs and pharmaceutically used amino acids. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. A.

[5]  J. Au,et al.  Isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of taxol in biological fluids and tissues using automated column switching. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[6]  L. White,et al.  Automated procedure for determination of trace amounts of aldehydes in drinking water , 1995 .

[7]  H. Lingeman,et al.  Automated monitoring of amino acids during fermentation processes using on-line ultrafiltration and column liquid chromatography : application to fermentation medium improvement , 1995 .

[8]  J. Henion,et al.  On-line immunoaffinity extraction-coupled column capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: trace analysis of LSD analogs and metabolites in human urine. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[9]  T. Soga,et al.  Determination of catecholamines in urine and plasma by on-line sample pretreatment using an internal surface boronic acid gel. , 1993, Journal of chromatography.

[10]  Romà Tauler,et al.  Determination of traces of herbicide mixtures in water by on-line solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and multivariate self-modelling curve resolution , 1995 .

[11]  D. J. Vonderschmitt,et al.  Robotized preparation of fecal samples for the analysis of endogenous substances , 1992 .

[12]  N. Knebel,et al.  Rapid quantitative determination of a collagenase inhibitor and its major metabolite by on-line liquid chromatography with ionspray tandem mass spectrometric detection. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[13]  M. Knutsson,et al.  Liquid chromatographic determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in natural waters after automated sample pretreatment using supported liquid membranes , 1994 .

[14]  A. Kussak,et al.  Immunoaffinity column clean-up for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and Q1 in urine. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[15]  P. Campíns-Falcó,et al.  Column-switching techniques for high-performance liquid chromatography of drugs in biological samples. , 1993, Journal of chromatography.

[16]  C. Hummert,et al.  Determination of chloramphenicol in animal tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with a column-switching system and ultraviolet detection. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[17]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Membrane-based sample preparation for chromatography , 1993 .

[18]  M. Hedenmo,et al.  Liquid chromatographic determination of the macrolide antibiotics roxithromycin and clarithromycin in plasma by automated solid-phase extraction and electrochemical detection. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. A.

[19]  R. Sacco,et al.  Automated analysis of urinary catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography and on-line sample pretreatment. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[20]  G. Wallace,et al.  Development of an improved on-line chromatographic monitor with new methods for environmental and process control , 1995 .

[21]  M. Pellegatti,et al.  Automation and validation of the high-performance liquid chromatographic-radioimmunoassay method for the determination of lacidipine in plasma. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[22]  J. H. Méndez,et al.  Membrane extraction-preconcentration cell coupled on-line to flow-injection and liquid chromatographic systems. Determination of triazines in oils , 1995 .

[23]  G W Kramer Integrating laboratory robots with analytical instruments--must it really be so difficult? , 1990, Clinical chemistry.

[24]  A. Farran,et al.  On-line continuous-flow extraction system in liqud chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection for the determination of selected organic pollutants , 1990 .

[25]  M. Matsuoka,et al.  Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic system with a laser-induced fluorimetric detector for direct, automated assay of salivary cortisol. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[26]  M. Rouan,et al.  Automated analysis of a novel anti-epileptic compound, CGP 33,101, and its metabolite, CGP 47,292, in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid-solid extraction. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[27]  H. van Eijk,et al.  Automated determination of polyamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with simple sample preparation. , 1996, Journal of chromatography. A.

[28]  J. H. Johnson,et al.  Automated sample preparation for cholesterol determination in foods. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. A.

[29]  J. Guyonnet,et al.  Determination of fumagillin in muscle tissue of rainbow trout using automated ion-pairing liquid chromatography. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[30]  J. Beijnen,et al.  Determination of paclitaxel and metabolites in mouse plasma, tissues, urine and faeces by semi-automated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[31]  A. Christophersen,et al.  Automated analysis of free and total concentrations of three antiepileptic drugs in plasma with on-line dialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[32]  P. Zoonen,et al.  Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography in environmental analysis , 1995 .

[33]  M. da Prada,et al.  Simple automated high-performance liquid chromatographic column-switching technique for the measurement of dopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma. , 1990, Journal of chromatography.

[34]  J. Hernández-Méndez,et al.  Directly coupled sample treatment-high-performance liquid chromatography for on-line automatic determination of liposoluble vitamins in milk. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. A.

[35]  G. Horvai,et al.  Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nifedipine in dog plasma using an automated sample preparation system with laboratory robot. , 1996, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[36]  Determination of the renin inhibitor Ro 42-5892 in human plasma by automated pre-column derivatization, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and electrochemical detection after post-column irradiation. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[37]  R. Paradisi,et al.  Improvements in automated analysis of catecholamine and related metabolites in biological samples by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. , 1991, Journal of chromatography.

[38]  E. Gout,et al.  Use of an automated robotic system for the extraction and on-line high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pharmaceutical formulations , 1992 .

[39]  F. Borrull,et al.  Automated on-line trace enrichment and determination of phenolic compounds in environmental waters by high-performance liquid chromatography , 1995 .

[40]  J. Drewe,et al.  Rapid and highly automated determination of morphine and morphine glucuronides in plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[41]  G. Rimkus,et al.  Gel permeation chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography combination as an automated clean-up technique for the multiresidue analysis of fats. , 1996, Journal of chromatography. A.

[42]  B. Carratù,et al.  Optimization of the determination of amino acids in parenteral solutions by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate , 1995 .

[43]  R. Said,et al.  Fully automated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the analysis of free catecholamines in urine. , 1990, Journal of chromatography.

[44]  D Barceló,et al.  Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and their transformation products in river waters by automated on-line solid-phase extraction followed by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. A.

[45]  A. Schuster,et al.  Manual and automated determination of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil and its metabolite (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil in urine. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[46]  D. Barceló,et al.  Automated Online Liquid-Solid Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-High-Flow Pneumatically Assisted Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Acidic Herbicides in Environmental Waters , 1995 .

[47]  R. Stubbs,et al.  Automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of a neuraminidase inhibitor (GG167) in human serum by pre-column fluorescence derivatisation using benzoin. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[48]  M. Langer,et al.  Liquid chromatographic determination of amino acid enantiomers by derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and chiral thiols Applications with reference to food science , 1995 .

[49]  F. Lai,et al.  Automated precolumn concentration and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water using a single pump and a single valve , 1995 .

[50]  T. Greibrokk Applications of supercritical fluid extraction in multidimensional systems , 1995 .

[51]  J Hempenius,et al.  An automated analytical method for the determination of felbamate in human plasma by robotic sample preparation and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. , 1994, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[52]  Luis A. Berrueta,et al.  A review of solid phase extraction: Basic principles and new developments , 1995 .

[53]  J. L. Woolley,et al.  A robotics-based liquid chromatographic assay for the measurement of atovaquone in plasma. , 1995, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[54]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Fully automated on-line liquid chromatographic separation system for polar pollutants in various types of water , 1992 .

[55]  S. Gupta,et al.  Determination of alosetron in human plasma or serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with robotic sample preparation. , 1996, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

[56]  M. Cyronak,et al.  Simplified procedures for the determination of fenoldopam and its metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: comparison of manual and robotic sample preparation methods. , 1989, Journal of chromatography.

[57]  J. Sutra,et al.  Determination of moxidectin in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with automated solid-phase extraction and fluorescence detection. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.