Loop antenna for mobile and personal communication systems

This paper presents the results of a loop antenna, which can be used as an antenna element with a portable hand-held cellular telephone, for the first and third generation of mobile and personal communication systems. The antenna is analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain method, and the results are compared with measurements. By grounding and not grounding one end of the loop, the same element can be used to resonate at the appropriate frequencies for the first and third generation of mobile and personal communications systems.