Development of a scale measuring destination image

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop the scale of destination image (SDI) to assess destination image affecting the consumption associated with tourism.Design/methodology/approach – The scale was developed through four steps: review of literature, formulation of a preliminary scale, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and examination of predictive validity by a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The preliminary scale consisted of 32 items. Employing a systematic sampling method, a total of 199 research participants responded to a mail survey.Findings – In the CFA with maximum likelihood estimation, four factors with 18 pertinent items are retained. This four‐factor model displays good fit to the data, preliminary construct validity, and high reliability. The SEM analysis reveals that the SDI is found to be positively predictive of tourism behavioral intentions.Originality/value – This paper develops an original multi‐dimensional 18‐item scale measuring destination image from the per...

[1]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[2]  R. MacCallum,et al.  Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[3]  M. Uysal,et al.  An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model , 2005 .

[4]  Javier Sánchez,et al.  Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship , 2001 .

[5]  Destination image and tourist attitude. , 2008 .

[6]  D. Papadimitriou,et al.  Benefits Sought and Realized by Active Mountain Sport Tourists in Epirus, Greece: Pre- and Post-Trip Analysis , 2008 .

[7]  Josefa D. Martín,et al.  Factors influencing destination image , 2004 .

[8]  Yuksel Ekinci,et al.  Destination image and destination personality: An application of branding theories to tourism places , 2006 .

[9]  D. Dillman.  Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method, 2nd ed. , 2007 .

[10]  I. Bosque,et al.  Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation , 2008 .

[11]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Tourism Development: Principles, Processes, and Policies , 1996 .

[12]  Kenneth A. Bollen,et al.  Structural Equations with Latent Variables , 1989 .

[13]  T. Albayrak,et al.  Measurement of the destination evaluation supporting factors and their effects on behavioral intention of visitors: Antalya Region of Turkey. , 2009 .

[14]  S. Kim,et al.  Change of images of South Korea among foreign tourists after the 2002 FIFA World Cup , 2005 .

[15]  D. Brinberg,et al.  Affective Images of Tourism Destinations , 1997 .

[16]  Hailin Qu,et al.  The Impact of Destination Images on Tourists' Perceived Value, Expectations, and Loyalty , 2008 .

[17]  Carmen Barroso Castro,et al.  The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination's image and tourists’ future behaviour , 2007 .

[18]  Christine A. Vogt,et al.  The Interrelationship between Sport Event and Destination Image and Sport Tourists' Behaviours , 2007 .

[19]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The meaning and measurement of destination image. , 2003 .

[20]  Peter M. Bentler,et al.  Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. , 1995 .

[21]  J. Russell,et al.  An approach to environmental psychology , 1974 .

[22]  David L. Groves,et al.  The development of a destination through the image assessment of six geographic markets , 2005 .

[23]  Galen T. Trail,et al.  Motives and points of attachment: fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. , 2003 .

[24]  E. Sirakaya,et al.  A Distorted Destination Image? The Case of Turkey , 2002 .

[25]  Jacob Cohen.  Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[26]  S. Noar.  The Role of Structural Equation Modeling in Scale Development , 2003 .

[27]  Lawrence M. Ward,et al.  Cognitive Set and the Perception of Place , 1981 .

[28]  B. Tabachnick,et al.  Using Multivariate Statistics , 1983 .

[29]  John L. Crompton,et al.  Beyond economic impact: an alternative rationale for the public subsidy of major league sports facilities. , 2004 .

[30]  Richard P. Bagozzi,et al.  Attitude organization and the attitude-behavior relation: A reply to Dillon and Kumar. , 1985 .

[31]  Rex B. Kline,et al.  Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling , 1998 .

[32]  M. Oppermann,et al.  Tourism Destination Loyalty , 2000 .

[33]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[34]  Cathy H. C. Hsu,et al.  Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations , 2000 .

[35]  D. Rubin.  Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys , 1989 .

[36]  J. Hair.  Multivariate data analysis , 1972 .

[37]  Martina G. Gallarza,et al.  Destination image: towards a conceptual framework. , 2002 .

[38]  Seyhmus Baloglu,et al.  A model of destination image formation , 1999 .

[39]  J. Crompton.  An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image , 1979 .

[40]  Enrique Bigné Alcañiz,et al.  The functional-psychological continuum in the cognitive image of a destination: A confirmatory analysis , 2009 .

[41]  H W Marsh,et al.  Is More Ever Too Much? The Number of Indicators per Factor in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. , 1998, Multivariate behavioral research.

[42]  Takkee Hui,et al.  Singapore's image as a tourist destination , 2003 .

[43]  T. Lee.  A Structural Model to Examine How Destination Image, Attitude, and Motivation Affect the Future Behavior of Tourists , 2009 .

[44]  Rebecca Weston,et al.  A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling , 2006 .

[45]  M. J. Norušis,et al.  SPSS 13.0 Guide to Data Analysis , 2000 .

[46]  A. Woodside,et al.  A General Model Of Traveler Destination Choice , 1989 .

[47]  Yong-Ki Lee,et al.  Korea's destination image formed by the 2002 World Cup. , 2005 .

[48]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment , 1993 .

[49]  Gilbert A. Churchill.  A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs , 1979 .

[50]  B. Christine Green,et al.  Effects of Sport Event Media on Destination Image and Intention to Visit , 2003 .

[51]  R. Bagozzi,et al.  On the evaluation of structural equation models , 1988 .

[52]  Andrew Lepp,et al.  TOURIST ROLES, PERCEIVED RISK AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM , 2003 .

[53]  Ching-Fu Chen,et al.  How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions , 2007 .

[54]  James C. Anderson,et al.  STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING IN PRACTICE: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDED TWO-STEP APPROACH , 1988 .

[55]  S. Hui,et al.  VALUE DIMENSIONS OF PROFESSIONAL SPORT AS VIEWED BY SPECTATORS , 1996 .

[56]  C. Chi,et al.  Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach , 2008 .

[57]  Timothy R. Hinkin.  A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations , 1995 .

[58]  J. Schafer,et al.  Missing data: our view of the state of the art. , 2002, Psychological methods.

[59]  P. Kotler,et al.  Principles of Marketing , 1983 .

[60]  R. Kline.  Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed. , 2005 .

[61]  J. Hunt.  Image as a Factor in Tourism Development , 1975 .

[62]  J. Stevens.  Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences , 1986 .

[63]  A. Graefe,et al.  Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. , 1998 .

[64]  Lawrence M. Ward,et al.  Affective Quality Attributed to Environments , 1981 .

[65]  Pedro J. Perez,et al.  The configuration of the university image and its relationship with the satisfaction of students , 2002 .

[66]  J. Crompton,et al.  Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley , 1991 .