Maiden application of cascade tilt‐integral–tilt‐derivative controller for performance analysis of load frequency control of interconnected multi‐source power system

This study presents a maiden application of cascade tilt-integral–tilt-derivative (CC-TI-TD) controller for the performance analysis of load frequency control (LFC) of interconnected multi-source power system (MSPS). The studied controller is realised based on cascade control theory and fractional order calculus. TI controller is used as a master controller and TD controller served as slave controller in the proposed CC-TI-TD controller. To demonstrate the performance of proposed CC-TI-TD controller, first, it is applied to single-area MSPS followed by two-area MSPS in the presence of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed controller gains' parameters are optimised by state-of-the-art water cycle algorithm (WCA) according to the minimisation of fitness function. First, the effectiveness of proposed WCA-tuned CC-TI-TD controller over the WCA-tuned cascade proportional-integral–proportional-derivative (CC-PI-PD) controller and modified grey wolf optimisation-based tuned proportional-integral derivative and CC-PI-PD controllers has been explored in single-area-studied power system. Second, the performance of WCA-tuned CC-TI-TD controller with and without presence of EVs in a two-area interconnected MSPS is assessed with respect to another class of the fractional order controller termed as integral tilt-derivative controller. Lastly, sensitivity analysis and the effect of time delay on LFC performance are carried out to show the robustness of proposed CC-TI-TD controller.

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