Enhanced Förster Resonance Energy Transfer on Single Metal Particle. 2. Dependence on Donor-Acceptor Separation Distance, Particle Size, and Distance from Metal Surface.

We studied the effect of metal particles on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between nearby donor-acceptor pairs. The studies included the effect of donor-acceptor distance, silver particle size, and distance from the metal surface. The metal particles were synthesized with average diameters of 15, 40, and 80 nm, respectively. A Cy5-labeled oligonucleotide was chemically bound to a single silver particle with a distance of 2 or 10 nm from the surface of metal core. A Cy5.5-labeled complementary oligonucleotide was bound to the particle-conjugated oligonucleotide by hybridization. The spacer length between donor-acceptor was adjusted by the number of base pairs. FRET between the donor-acceptor pair was investigated by dual-channel single-molecule fluorescence detection. Both the emission intensities and lifetimes indicated that FRET was enhanced efficiently by the metal particles. The results showed an increase of apparent energy transfer distance with the size of silver particle and distance from the metal core. Simulations by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations were used to compare with the experimental results. The local fields at the location of the donor-acceptor pair appeared to correlate with the FRET efficiency. These results will aid in the design of metal particles for using FRET to determine biomolecule proximity at distances beyond the usual Förster distance.

[1]  Franz R. Aussenegg,et al.  Enhanced dye fluorescence over silver island films: analysis of the distance dependence , 1993 .

[2]  K. Liou,et al.  Finite-difference time domain method for light scattering by small ice crystals in three-dimensional space , 1996 .

[3]  C. Foss,et al.  Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications , 2001 .

[4]  M. Kawasaki,et al.  Enhanced molecular fluorescence near thick Ag island film of large pseudotabular nanoparticles. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[5]  Gaudenz Danuser,et al.  FRET or no FRET: a quantitative comparison. , 2003, Biophysical journal.

[6]  R. V. Van Duyne,et al.  A comparative analysis of localized and propagating surface plasmon resonance sensors: the binding of concanavalin a to a monosaccharide functionalized self-assembled monolayer. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[7]  R. Murray,et al.  Monolayer-protected cluster molecules. , 2000, Accounts of chemical research.

[8]  Emily K. Warmoth,et al.  Gateway Reactions to Diverse, Polyfunctional Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters , 1998 .

[9]  David S. Citrin,et al.  Coherent excitation transport in metal-nanoparticle chains , 2004 .

[10]  R. Murray,et al.  Visible Luminescence of Water-Soluble Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters , 2001 .

[11]  S. Chen,et al.  Numerical simulation of surface-plasmon-assisted nanolithography. , 2005, Optics express.

[12]  Encai Hao,et al.  Optical properties of metal nanoshells , 2004 .

[13]  Ignacy Gryczynski,et al.  Increased resonance energy transfer between fluorophores bound to DNA in proximity to metallic silver particles. , 2003, Analytical biochemistry.

[14]  Björn Persson,et al.  Attomolar sensitivity in bioassays based on surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  Prashant V. Kamat,et al.  Photophysical, photochemical and photocatalytic aspects of metal nanoparticles , 2002 .

[16]  B. Nikoobakht,et al.  種結晶を媒介とした成長法を用いた金ナノロッド(NR)の調製と成長メカニズム , 2003 .

[17]  D. F. Ogletree,et al.  Probing the interaction between single molecules: fluorescence resonance energy transfer between a single donor and a single acceptor , 1996, Summaries of Papers Presented at the Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference.

[18]  K. Mahdjoubi,et al.  A parallel FDTD algorithm using the MPI library , 2001 .

[19]  G. Wiederrecht,et al.  Near-field photochemical imaging of noble metal nanostructures. , 2005, Nano letters.

[20]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  Preparation and Growth Mechanism of Gold Nanorods (NRs) Using Seed-Mediated Growth Method , 2003 .

[21]  Joseph R. Lakowicz,et al.  Multiphoton Excitation of Fluorescence near Metallic Particles: Enhanced and Localized Excitation. , 2002, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[22]  R. Murray,et al.  Monolayer-protected clusters with fluorescent dansyl ligands , 2000 .

[23]  P. Nordlander,et al.  Finite-difference time-domain studies of the optical properties of nanoshell dimers. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[24]  Younan Xia,et al.  Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver nanocubes. , 2005, Nano letters.

[25]  Wolfgang Knoll,et al.  Evanescent field in surface plasmon resonance and surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopies. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  D. Citrin Plasmon polaritons in finite-length metal-nanoparticle chains: the role of chain length unravelled. , 2005, Nano letters.

[27]  Allen Taflove,et al.  Computational Electrodynamics the Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method , 1995 .

[28]  K. Liou,et al.  Light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals: comparison of finite-difference time domain and geometric optics models , 1995 .

[29]  C. Murphy,et al.  Quantitation of metal content in the silver-assisted growth of gold nanorods. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[30]  R. Ruppin,et al.  Decay of an excited molecule near a small metal sphere , 1982 .

[31]  George C Schatz,et al.  Observation of a quadrupole plasmon mode for a colloidal solution of gold nanoprisms. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[32]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. , 2005, Chemical reviews.

[33]  Akio Yasuda,et al.  Metal-enhanced up-conversion fluorescence: effective triplet-triplet annihilation near silver surface. , 2005, Nano letters.

[34]  R. Murray,et al.  Quenching of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ fluorescence by binding to Au nanoparticles , 2002 .

[35]  Yi Fu,et al.  Enhanced fluorescence of Cy5-labeled oligonucleotides near silver island films: a distance effect study using single molecule spectroscopy. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[36]  Abraham Nitzan,et al.  Theory of energy transfer between molecules near solid state particles , 1985 .

[37]  Harry A. Atwater,et al.  Observation of coupled plasmon-polariton modes in Au nanoparticle chain waveguides of different lengths: Estimation of waveguide loss , 2002 .

[38]  Joseph R Lakowicz,et al.  Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[39]  R. Aroca,et al.  Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence on SiO2-Coated Silver Island Films , 1999 .

[40]  G. Chumanov,et al.  Multipole plasmon resonances of submicron silver particles. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[41]  John Ballato,et al.  Monopod, bipod, tripod, and tetrapod gold nanocrystals. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[42]  R. Murray,et al.  Poly-hetero-ω-functionalized Alkanethiolate-stabilized gold cluster compounds , 1997 .

[43]  Stephen Gray,et al.  Surface plasmon generation and light transmission by isolated nanoholes and arrays of nanoholes in thin metal films. , 2005, Optics express.

[44]  Dennis W. Prather,et al.  FORMULATION AND APPLICATION OF THE FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AXIALLY SYMMETRIC DIFFRACTIVE OPTICAL ELEMENTS , 1999 .

[45]  K. Sokolov,et al.  Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  Joseph R. Lakowicz,et al.  Effects of Metallic Silver Particles on Resonance Energy Transfer Between Fluorophores Bound to DNA , 2004, Journal of Fluorescence.

[47]  Dennis M. Sullivan,et al.  Electromagnetic Simulation Using the FDTD Method , 2000 .

[48]  B. Persson Theory of the damping of excited molecules located above a metal surface , 1978 .

[49]  R. Aroca,et al.  Langmuir and Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Derivatives with Varying Alkyl Chain Length: Film Packing and Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence Studies , 2001 .

[50]  I. Clark,et al.  Ground and excited state resonance Raman spectra of an azacrown-substituted [(bpy)Re(CO)3L]+ complex: characterization of excited states, determination of structure and bonding, and observation of metal cation release from the azacrown. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[51]  J. Lakowicz Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy , 1983 .

[52]  R. Murray,et al.  Reactivity of Monolayer-Protected Gold Cluster Molecules: Steric Effects , 1998 .

[53]  K. Drexhage Influence of a dielectric interface on fluorescence decay time , 1970 .

[54]  Ronald R. Chance,et al.  Lifetime of an emitting molecule near a partially reflecting surface , 1974 .

[55]  Tolga Atay,et al.  Large enhancement of fluorescence efficiency from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induced by resonant coupling to spatially controlled surface plasmons. , 2005, Nano letters.

[56]  E. Coronado,et al.  The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment , 2003 .

[57]  K. Tews On the variation of luminescence lifetimes. The approximations of the approximative methods , 1974 .

[58]  A. Nitzan,et al.  Spectroscopic properties of molecules interacting with small dielectric particles , 1981 .

[59]  Glenn P. Goodrich,et al.  Controlled texturing modifies the surface topography and plasmonic properties of Au nanoshells. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[60]  Jian Zhang,et al.  Surface-enhanced fluorescence of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides capped on silver nanoparticles. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[61]  J. Lakowicz Radiative decay engineering: biophysical and biomedical applications. , 2001, Analytical biochemistry.

[62]  Jean-Pierre Berenger,et al.  A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves , 1994 .

[63]  Paras N. Prasad,et al.  Near-Field Probing Surface Plasmon Enhancement Effect on Two-Photon Emission , 2002 .

[64]  A. Taflove,et al.  Numerical Solution of Steady-State Electromagnetic Scattering Problems Using the Time-Dependent Maxwell's Equations , 1975 .

[65]  W. Barnes,et al.  Fluorescence near interfaces: The role of photonic mode density , 1998 .

[66]  Samantha Bruzzone,et al.  Theoretical study of electromagnetic scattering by metal nanoparticles. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[67]  I.‐Yin Sandy Lee,et al.  Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence and Reverse Saturable Absorption on Silver Nanoparticles , 2004 .

[68]  A. Nitzan,et al.  Accelerated energy transfer between molecules near a solid particle , 1984 .

[69]  K. Yee Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving maxwell's equations in isotropic media , 1966 .

[70]  M. Ishikawa,et al.  Local electric field and scattering cross section of Ag nanoparticles under surface plasmon resonance by finite difference time domain method , 2003 .

[71]  Yi Fu,et al.  Enhanced fluorescence of Cy5-labeled DNA tethered to silver island films: fluorescence images and time-resolved studies using single-molecule spectroscopy. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[72]  Ignacy Gryczynski,et al.  Metal-enhanced fluoroimmunoassay on a silver film by vapor deposition. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[73]  Stephen K. Gray,et al.  Propagation of light in metallic nanowire arrays: Finite-difference time-domain studies of silver cylinders , 2003 .