Do "Chinese and American see opposite apparent motions in a Chinese character"? Tse and Cavanagh (2000) replicated and revised

In a paper entitled “Chinese and Americans see opposite apparent motions in a Chinese character”, Tse and Cavanagh (2000) showed that when a Chinese character was presented stroke by stroke and the participants were asked to judge the motion direction of the last stroke (a horizontal line), the American participants perceived the direction predicted by transformational apparent motion, while the Chinese participants saw the opposite, writing direction. We demonstrate that Chinese readers do not always perceive the direction of writing; only when there are writing clues (such as a handwritten script presented in a writing sequence for a long enough duration) is the writing direction perceived. The top-down factors that make Chinese readers see the writing direction are the script and the stroke sequence, which are derived from writing experiences.

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