Long-lived superhydrophobic surfaces

Prolonging the lifetime of superhydrophobic surfaces is required so that the materials can be used practically. Thus, great efforts have been made in designing surfaces that maintain micro- and nanoscaled hierarchical structures and low surface-energy property, which are necessary for superhydrophobicity, during use. It was demonstrated that improving surface mechanical strength to increase wear resistance helps maintain hierarchical roughness, retarding the loss of superhydrophobicity. Additionally, designing self-healing materials that can recover their structure and/or properties when damaged has been suggested and demonstrated to sustain the superhydrophobicity of surfaces. This review focuses on recent advances in developing mechanically durable, corrosion-resistant, self-healing, and easily repairable superhydrophobic surfaces, which will enable prolonged lifetime of superhydrophobicity for practical applications in the future.

[1]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  Rapid formation of superhydrophobic surfaces with fast response wettability transition. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Micro-, nano- and hierarchical structures for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning and low adhesion , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[3]  Tong Lin,et al.  Fluoroalkyl Silane Modified Silicone Rubber/Nanoparticle Composite: A Super Durable, Robust Superhydrophobic Fabric Coating , 2012, Advanced materials.

[4]  T. He,et al.  Super-hydrophobic surface treatment as corrosion protection for aluminum in seawater , 2009 .

[5]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Transparent, superhydrophobic, and wear-resistant coatings on glass and polymer substrates using SiO2, ZnO, and ITO nanoparticles. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[6]  Lei Jiang,et al.  One‐Step Solution‐Immersion Process for the Fabrication of Stable Bionic Superhydrophobic Surfaces , 2006 .

[7]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  A simple approach to fabricate regenerable superhydrophobic coatings , 2010 .

[8]  Xi Zhang,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces: from structural control to functional application , 2008 .

[9]  Zhijun Zhang,et al.  Facile approach in fabricating superhydrophobic SiO2/polymer nanocomposite coating , 2012 .

[10]  J. Ding,et al.  A facile dip-coating process for preparing highly durable superhydrophobic surface with multi-scale structures on paint films. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[11]  G. McHale,et al.  The superhydrophobicity of polymer surfaces: Recent developments , 2011 .

[12]  Feng Zhou,et al.  Spray-coated fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings with easy repairability and applicability. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[13]  Jae‐Hyun Kim,et al.  Facile Route Toward Mechanically Stable Superhydrophobic Copper Using Oxidation–Reduction Induced Morphology Changes , 2012 .

[14]  Chaoyi Peng,et al.  Facile method to prepare a novel honeycomb-like superhydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxan surface , 2010 .

[15]  G. Cui,et al.  Large-area helical carbon microcoils with superhydrophobicity over a wide range of pH values , 2007 .

[16]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Applications of Bio‐Inspired Special Wettable Surfaces , 2011, Advanced materials.

[17]  Robin H. A. Ras,et al.  Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Surfaces , 2011, Advanced materials.

[18]  Di Gao,et al.  Design and fabrication of micro-textures for inducing a superhydrophobic behavior on hydrophilic materials. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[19]  Sailong Xu,et al.  One-step hydrothermal crystallization of a layered double hydroxide/alumina bilayer film on aluminum and its corrosion resistance properties. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[20]  Jianzhong Ma,et al.  Large-area fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces for practical applications: an overview , 2010, Science and technology of advanced materials.

[21]  Zhishen Wu,et al.  Facile fabrication of stable superhydrophobic films on aluminum substrates , 2012, Journal of Materials Science.

[22]  Youqian Xu,et al.  The abrasion resistance of a superhydrophobic surface comprised of polyurethane elastomer , 2010 .

[23]  T. Ishizaki,et al.  Rapid formation of a superhydrophobic surface on a magnesium alloy coated with a cerium oxide film by a simple immersion process at room temperature and its chemical stability. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[24]  Angeliki Tserepi,et al.  Nanotexturing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in plasmas for creating robust super-hydrophobic surfaces , 2006 .

[25]  Qing Zhu,et al.  Facile Removal and Collection of Oils from Water Surfaces through Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Sponges , 2011 .

[26]  Tong Lin,et al.  Superhydrophobic cotton fabric fabricated by electrostatic assembly of silica nanoparticles and its remarkable buoyancy , 2010 .

[27]  David Reinhoudt,et al.  What do we need for a superhydrophobic surface? A review on the recent progress in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2007, Chemical Society reviews.

[28]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Bioinspired surfaces with special wettability. , 2005, Accounts of chemical research.

[29]  Leonid Ionov,et al.  Self-healing superhydrophobic materials. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[30]  V. Breedveld,et al.  Creation of superhydrophobic stainless steel surfaces by acid treatments and hydrophobic film deposition. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[31]  G. McKinley,et al.  Exploiting topographical texture to impart icephobicity. , 2010, ACS nano.

[32]  H. Hsiang,et al.  Preparation of superhydrophobic boehmite and anatase nanocomposite coating films , 2007 .

[33]  George Barbastathis,et al.  Nanotextured silica surfaces with robust superhydrophobicity and omnidirectional broadband supertransmissivity. , 2012, ACS nano.

[34]  W. Duan,et al.  Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabrics with UV Protection Based on CeO2 Particles , 2011 .

[35]  W. Cai,et al.  Superhydrophobic bionic surfaces with hierarchical microsphere/SWCNT composite arrays. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[36]  Jin Zhai,et al.  Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial , 2002 .

[37]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Bioinspired structured surfaces. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[38]  Bingqiang Cao,et al.  Two-dimensional hierarchical porous silica film and its tunable superhydrophobicity , 2006 .

[39]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  Spray-coated superhydrophobic coatings with regenerability , 2011 .

[40]  W. Barthlott,et al.  Movement and regeneration of epicuticular waxes through plant cuticles , 2001, Planta.

[41]  Qinmin Pan,et al.  Miniature boats with striking loading capacity fabricated from superhydrophobic copper meshes. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[42]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Surface self-organization: From wear to self-healing in biological and technical surfaces , 2010 .

[43]  S. Seeger,et al.  Scale-Up of a Reaction Chamber for Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Silicone Nanofilaments , 2012 .

[44]  Hui-di Zhou,et al.  One-step process for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with easy repairability , 2012 .

[45]  Zhiguang Guo,et al.  Stable biomimetic super-hydrophobic engineering materials. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[46]  W. Cai,et al.  Superhydrophobicity of 2D ZnO ordered pore arrays formed by solution-dipping template method. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[47]  B. J. Basu,et al.  Fabrication of superhydrophobic sol-gel composite films using hydrophobically modified colloidal zinc hydroxide. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[48]  B. Bhushan,et al.  Nanostructures for superhydrophobicity and low adhesion , 2008 .

[49]  Jin Zhai,et al.  Reversible super-hydrophobicity to super-hydrophilicity transition of aligned ZnO nanorod films. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  Y. Xiu,et al.  UV and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings from sol-gel processing. , 2008, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[51]  Y. Coffinier,et al.  Sliding droplets on superomniphobic zinc oxide nanostructures. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[52]  A Tserepi,et al.  Mechanisms of oxygen plasma nanotexturing of organic polymer surfaces: from stable super hydrophilic to super hydrophobic surfaces. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[53]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  Facile fabrication of a superhydrophobic fabric with mechanical stability and easy-repairability. , 2012, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[54]  Jiguang Liu,et al.  Regenerative superhydrophobic coating from microcapsules , 2010 .

[55]  Yonggang Guo,et al.  Facile approach for preparation of stable water-repellent nanoparticle coating , 2012 .

[56]  Xiaolong Wang,et al.  Self-healing superamphiphobicity. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[57]  Alberto Escarpa,et al.  Superhydrophobic alkanethiol-coated microsubmarines for effective removal of oil. , 2012, ACS nano.

[58]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  Fabrication of superhydrophobic binary nanoparticles/PMMA composite coating with reversible switching of adhesion and anticorrosive property , 2011 .

[59]  Bai Yang,et al.  Facile approach in fabricating superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surface for water and oil mixture separation. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[60]  Yang Yu,et al.  Laundering Durability of Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric , 2010, Advanced materials.

[61]  Ilker S. Bayer,et al.  Inherently superoleophobic nanocomposite coatings by spray atomization. , 2009, Nano letters.

[62]  Michael Newton,et al.  Progess in superhydrophobic surface development. , 2008, Soft matter.

[63]  S. Kulinich,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces: are they really ice-repellent? , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[64]  Peter Walzel,et al.  Wetting and self-cleaning properties of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[65]  Jin Zhai,et al.  The fabrication and switchable superhydrophobicity of TiO2 nanorod films. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[66]  Helmuth Möhwald,et al.  Self-repairing coatings containing active nanoreservoirs. , 2007, Small.

[67]  Doris Vollmer,et al.  Candle Soot as a Template for a Transparent Robust Superamphiphobic Coating , 2012, Science.

[68]  Xiaolong Wang,et al.  Self-healing surface hydrophobicity by consecutive release of hydrophobic molecules from mesoporous silica. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[69]  M. Sakamoto,et al.  Corrosion resistance and durability of superhydrophobic surface formed on magnesium alloy coated with nanostructured cerium oxide film and fluoroalkylsilane molecules in corrosive NaCl aqueous solution. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[70]  Tong Lin,et al.  Photoreactive azido-containing silica nanoparticle/polycation multilayers: durable superhydrophobic coating on cotton fabrics. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[71]  Tao Liu,et al.  Super-hydrophobic surfaces improve corrosion resistance of copper in seawater , 2007 .

[72]  Hongqin Liu,et al.  Preparation of superhydrophobic coatings on zinc as effective corrosion barriers. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[73]  Wei Song,et al.  Large-area unmodified superhydrophobic copper substrate can be prepared by an electroless replacement deposition. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[74]  M. Sakamoto,et al.  Facile formation of biomimetic color-tuned superhydrophobic magnesium alloy with corrosion resistance. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[75]  B. Ding,et al.  Engineering biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces of electrospun nanomaterials , 2011 .

[76]  D. Quéré,et al.  On water repellency , 2005 .

[77]  Doris Vollmer,et al.  Transparent, Thermally Stable and Mechanically Robust Superhydrophobic Surfaces Made from Porous Silica Capsules , 2011, Advanced materials.

[78]  Chi-Jung Chang,et al.  Ultraviolet-durable superhydrophobic zinc oxide-coated mesh films for surface and underwater-oil capture and transportation. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[79]  A. Dinia,et al.  High Superhydrophobicity Achieved on Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Innovative Laser-Assisted Magnetron Sputtering , 2011 .

[80]  E. Samulski,et al.  Superhydrophobic behavior of a perfluoropolyether lotus-leaf-like topography. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[81]  Lei Jiang,et al.  A super-hydrophobic and super-oleophilic coating mesh film for the separation of oil and water. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[82]  Qinmin Pan,et al.  A Water Strider-Like Model with Large and Stable Loading Capacity Fabricated from Superhydrophobic Copper Foils , 2010 .

[83]  F. Guittard,et al.  Covalent layer-by-layer assembled superhydrophobic organic-inorganic hybrid films. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[84]  E. Gogolides,et al.  Control of Nanotexture and Wetting Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane from Very Hydrophobic to Super‐Hydrophobic by Plasma Processing , 2007 .

[85]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces and emerging applications: Non-adhesion, energy, green engineering , 2009 .

[86]  H. Deng,et al.  Fabrication of a transparent superamphiphobic coating with improved stability , 2011 .

[87]  Yan Liu,et al.  Mechanically robust superhydrophobicity on hierarchically structured Si surfaces , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[88]  A. Lyons,et al.  Fabricating superhydrophobic polymer surfaces with excellent abrasion resistance by a simple lamination templating method. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[89]  Joanna Aizenberg,et al.  Design of ice-free nanostructured surfaces based on repulsion of impacting water droplets. , 2010, ACS nano.

[90]  B. J. Basu,et al.  A simple method for the preparation of superhydrophobic PVDFHMFS hybrid composite coatings , 2009 .

[91]  W. Cai,et al.  Silver hierarchical bowl-like array: synthesis, superhydrophobicity, and optical properties. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[92]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Self-healing of voids in the wax coating on plant surfaces , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[93]  D. Sarkar,et al.  Chemical nature of superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces produced via a one-step process using fluoroalkyl-silane in a base medium. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[94]  B. Bhushan,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of the hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning. , 2009, Ultramicroscopy.

[95]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction , 2011 .

[96]  Jianzhong Ma,et al.  UV-durable superhydrophobic textiles with UV-shielding properties by coating fibers with ZnO/SiO2 core/shell particles , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[97]  Honglei Guo,et al.  Carbon nanotubes noncovalently functionalized by an organic-inorganic hybrid: new building blocks for constructing superhydrophobic conductive coatings. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[98]  Hui-di Zhou,et al.  A simple solution-immersion process for the fabrication of superhydrophobic cupric stearate surface with easy repairable property , 2011 .

[99]  Jin-Ho Jang,et al.  Superhydrophobicity of cotton fabrics treated with silica nanoparticles and water-repellent agent. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[100]  Tong Lin,et al.  Durable, self-healing superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces from fluorinated-decyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and hydrolyzed fluorinated alkyl silane. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[101]  Jae Joon Kim,et al.  Fabrication of porous hierarchical polymer/ceramic composites by electron irradiation of organic/inorganic polymers: route to a highly durable, large-area superhydrophobic coating. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[102]  Feiyan Xu,et al.  Facile Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Cu Surface via a Selective Etching of High-Energy Facets , 2012 .

[103]  Dario Pisignano,et al.  Strelitzia reginae leaf as a natural template for anisotropic wetting and superhydrophobicity. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[104]  J. Joines,et al.  Literature review on superhydrophobic self‐cleaning surfaces produced by electrospinning , 2012 .

[105]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Self-cleaning efficiency of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[106]  L. Gerhardt,et al.  A Simple, One‐Step Approach to Durable and Robust Superhydrophobic Textiles , 2008 .

[107]  W. Barthlott,et al.  Mimicking natural superhydrophobic surfaces and grasping the wetting process: a review on recent progress in preparing superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2011, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[108]  Q. Xue,et al.  Robust superhydrophobic surfaces with mechanical durability and easy repairability , 2011 .

[109]  Li Li,et al.  Artificial lotus leaf structures from assembling carbon nanotubes and their applications in hydrophobic textiles , 2007 .

[110]  S. Yamashita,et al.  Relationship between Morphology of Microphase-Separated Structure and Phase Restructuring at the Surface of Poly[2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-block-4-(7‘-octenyl)styrene] Diblock Copolymers Corresponding to Environmental Change , 1999 .

[111]  Sindy K. Y. Tang,et al.  Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity , 2011, Nature.

[112]  S. A. Mahadik,et al.  Mechanically stable and corrosion resistant superhydrophobic sol–gel coatings on copper substrate , 2011 .

[113]  Yongmei Zheng,et al.  Icephobic/Anti‐Icing Properties of Micro/Nanostructured Surfaces , 2012, Advanced materials.

[114]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Fabrication of artificial Lotus leaves and significance of hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity and low adhesion , 2009 .

[115]  Pengyu Lv,et al.  Importance of hierarchical structures in wetting stability on submersed superhydrophobic surfaces. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[116]  Wei-min Liu,et al.  Extreme wettability and tunable adhesion: biomimicking beyond nature? , 2012 .

[117]  Rabah Boukherroub,et al.  Reversible electrowetting on superhydrophobic silicon nanowires. , 2007, Nano letters.

[118]  G. de With,et al.  Self‐Replenishing Surfaces , 2012, Advanced materials.

[119]  Gareth H. McKinley,et al.  Fabrics with Tunable Oleophobicity , 2009 .

[120]  David G. Evans,et al.  Corrosion resistance of superhydrophobic layered double hydroxide films on aluminum. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[121]  Q. Xue,et al.  Alumina nanowire forests via unconventional anodization and super-repellency plus low adhesion to diverse liquids. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[122]  Jinlong Song,et al.  One-step electrochemical machining of superhydrophobic surfaces on aluminum substrates , 2011, Journal of Materials Science.

[123]  K. Moon,et al.  Reversible superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic transition of ZnO nanorod/epoxy composite films. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[124]  J. Xie,et al.  Simple method for preparing superhydrophobic paper: spray-deposited hydrophobic silica nanoparticle coatings exhibit high water-repellency and transparency. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[125]  Zhiguang Guo,et al.  Stable Bionic Superhydrophobic Coating Surface Fabricated by a Conventional Curing Process , 2008 .

[126]  Akira Fujishima,et al.  Transparent Superhydrophobic Thin Films with Self-Cleaning Properties , 2000 .

[127]  Hu Wang,et al.  A facile approach for the fabrication of highly stable superhydrophobic cotton fabric with multi-walled carbon nanotubes-azide polymer composites. , 2010, Langmuir.

[128]  Xiaotao Zhu,et al.  Study of the corrosion resistance and loading capacity of superhydrophobic meshes fabricated by spraying method , 2011 .

[129]  E. Gogolides,et al.  Nanotextured super-hydrophobic transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces using high-density plasma processing , 2007 .

[130]  Lydéric Bocquet,et al.  Low-friction flows of liquid at nanopatterned interfaces , 2003, Nature materials.

[131]  Dimos Poulikakos,et al.  Are superhydrophobic surfaces best for icephobicity? , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[132]  S. Cho,et al.  Superhydrophobic Coatings on Curved Surfaces Featuring Remarkable Supporting Force , 2007 .

[133]  Yichun Liu,et al.  Superhydrophobic and ultraviolet-blocking cotton textiles. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[134]  S. Yamashita,et al.  Time-Resolved Surface Rearrangements of Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-block-isoprene) in Response to Environmental Changes , 1999 .

[135]  Baitai Qian,et al.  Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces by dislocation-selective chemical etching on aluminum, copper, and zinc substrates. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[136]  Lei Jiang,et al.  The Dry‐Style Antifogging Properties of Mosquito Compound Eyes and Artificial Analogues Prepared by Soft Lithography , 2007 .

[137]  R. Blossey Self-cleaning surfaces — virtual realities , 2003, Nature materials.

[138]  K Efimenko,et al.  Creating long-lived superhydrophobic polymer surfaces through mechanically assembled monolayers. , 2000, Science.

[139]  Wei-min Liu,et al.  Stable superhydrophobic coatings from thiol-ligand nanocrystals and their application in oil/water separation , 2012 .

[140]  T. Saji,et al.  Facile fabrication of colored superhydrophobic coatings by spraying a pigment nanoparticle suspension. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[141]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Recent developments in bio-inspired special wettability. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[142]  Joanna Aizenberg,et al.  Liquid-infused nanostructured surfaces with extreme anti-ice and anti-frost performance. , 2012, ACS nano.

[143]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Super-Hydrophobicity of Large-Area Honeycomb-Like Aligned Carbon Nanotubes , 2002 .

[144]  Y. Coffinier,et al.  Preparation of superhydrophobic silicon oxide nanowire surfaces. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[145]  D. Sarkar,et al.  Superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces by a novel one-step process. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[146]  G de With,et al.  Superhydrophobic films from raspberry-like particles. , 2005, Nano letters.

[147]  Gang Li,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by microstructuring of stainless steel using a femtosecond laser , 2009 .

[148]  Jin Zhai,et al.  Bioinspired super-antiwetting interfaces with special liquid-solid adhesion. , 2010, Accounts of chemical research.

[149]  Zhaozhu Zhang,et al.  Fabrication of biomimetic superhydrophobic surface on engineering materials by a simple electroless galvanic deposition method. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[150]  C. Xue,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces on cotton textiles by complex coating of silica nanoparticles and hydrophobization , 2009 .

[151]  Bharat Bhushan,et al.  Biomimetics: lessons from nature–an overview , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[152]  Tsutomu Minami,et al.  Formation of Superhydrophobic Alumina Coating Films with High Transparency on Polymer Substrates by the Sol-Gel Method , 2003 .

[153]  Bing Li,et al.  Bioinspired preparation of ultrathin SiO(2) shell on ZnO nanowire array for ultraviolet-durable superhydrophobicity. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[154]  D. Reinhoudt,et al.  Stable and transparent superhydrophobic nanoparticle films. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[155]  Blair Perot,et al.  Laminar drag reduction in microchannels using ultrahydrophobic surfaces , 2004 .

[156]  Jan Genzer,et al.  Recent developments in superhydrophobic surfaces and their relevance to marine fouling: a review , 2006, Biofouling.

[157]  Bao-Lian Su,et al.  Superhydrophobic surfaces: from natural to biomimetic to functional. , 2011, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[158]  K. Sanderson,et al.  Organic-inorganic composite nanocoatings with superhydrophobicity, good transparency, and thermal stability. , 2010, ACS nano.

[159]  Lichao Gao,et al.  "Artificial lotus leaf" prepared using a 1945 patent and a commercial textile. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[160]  H. Morgan,et al.  Controlling the wettability of hierarchically structured thermoplastics. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[161]  J. Rühe,et al.  Some thoughts on superhydrophobic wetting , 2009 .