Analogue-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analogue Conversion.

Analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue convertors form integral parts of many signal processing systems. A knowledge of their characteristics forms part of A-level Physics modules in telecommunications and electronics as well as A/AS-level Electronics. Circuits for 3-bit and 4-bit ADCs and DACs are discussed. Slow operating speeds enable the circuitry to be used to demonstrate the mode of operation using simple school oscilloscopes and signal generators.