Experimental identification of the behaviour of and lateral forces from freely-walking pedestrians on laterally oscillating structures in a virtual reality environment

Highlights • A novel setup for investigating pedestrian–structure interaction is presented.• Foot-placement is the main balance control mechanism on laterally vibrating ground.• All components of pedestrian force are uncovered, including self-excited forces.• Inverted pendulum pedestrian model qualitatively captures the nature of forces.• The ground and visual conditions cause significant changes in pedestrian loading.

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