A green procedure using ozone for Cleaning-in-Place in the beverage industry.

Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) in the beverage industry is typically carried out in production lines with alkaline and acidic solutions with detergents. This cleaning not only produces alkaline and acidic wastewater with detergents but also takes significant time. One of the important targets for CIP is adsorbed odorous compounds on gaskets, hence, we have tried to establish a rapid and green CIP process to remove traces of such compounds, especially d-limonene, an odorous component of orange juice, using two approaches; an ozone cleaning method and a change of gasket material from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber to silicone rubber. By changing the gasket material from EPDM rubber to silicone rubber, the removability of d-limonene by typical alkaline and acidic cleanings with detergents was improved. However, complete removal of 4 mg g(-1) of d-limonene on both EPDM and silicone gaskets could not be achieved even using a series of conventional cleaning procedures that included alkaline and acidic cleaning for 220 min. Ozone treatment dramatically improved the removability of d-limonene, removing 87% from the EPDM gasket at 60 min and 100% from the silicone gasket at 30 min. The combination of the silicone gasket and ozone treatment resulted in the most effective cleaning. The main removal mechanism for ozone treatment was confirmed to be oxidation by molecular ozone. Effectiveness of changing the gasket material from EPDM rubber to silicone rubber in reducing residual amounts of odorous compounds adsorbed on the gaskets was also confirmed for furfural and 4-vinylguaiacol.

[1]  J. Staehelin,et al.  Ozone decomposition in water studied by pulse radiolysis. 2. OH and HO/sub 4/ as chain intermediates , 1984 .

[2]  S. Borghei,et al.  Comparison of furfural degradation by different photooxidation methods , 2008 .

[3]  Michael J. McGuire,et al.  Effects of Chlorine and Ammonia Application Points on Bactericidal Efficiency , 1986 .

[4]  Siyi Pan,et al.  Study on Aroma Components in Fruit From Three Different Satsuma Mandarin Varieties , 2007 .

[5]  Henk Maarse,et al.  Volatile Compounds in Foods and Beverages , 1991 .

[6]  J. Gómez-Ariza,et al.  Determination of flavour and off-flavour compounds in orange juice by on-line coupling of a pervaporation unit to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. A.

[7]  Derin Orhon,et al.  Feasibility Analysis of In-Plant Control for Water Minimization and Wastewater Reuse in a Wool Finishing Textile Mill , 2004, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[8]  Berit Mattsson,et al.  Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cleaning-in-place processes in dairies , 2003 .

[9]  S. Campisi,et al.  Comparison of odour active compounds detected by gas-chromatography–olfactometry between hand-squeezed juices from different orange varieties , 2006 .

[10]  C. Ko,et al.  Ozonation of guaiacol solution in a rotating packed bed , 2011 .

[11]  Carol H. Tate,et al.  Evaluating oxidants for the removal of model taste and odor compounds from a municipal water supply , 1990 .

[12]  W. Grosch,et al.  Sensory study on the character impact odorants of roasted arabica coffee. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[13]  M. Khorasani,et al.  Effect of surface charge and hydrophobicity of polyurethanes and silicone rubbers on L929 cells response. , 2006, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[14]  W. Bae,et al.  Characteristics in oxidative degradation by ozone for saturated hydrocarbons in soil contaminated with diesel fuel. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[15]  J. Staehelin,et al.  Ozone decomposition in water studied by pulse radiolysis. 2. Hydroxyl and hydrogen tetroxide (HO4) as chain intermediates , 1984 .

[16]  W. Grosch,et al.  Sensory study of the character impact aroma compounds of a coffee beverage , 2000 .

[17]  Jin Kuk Kim,et al.  Characteristics of surface wettability and hydrophobicity and recovery ability of EPDM rubber and silicone rubber for polymer insulators , 2001 .

[18]  Derin Orhon,et al.  Improving the wastewater management for a beverage industry with in-plant control , 2007 .

[19]  Roger Atkinson,et al.  Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds: a review , 2003 .

[20]  R. Kamens,et al.  A kinetic mechanism for predicting secondary aerosol formation from the reactions of d-limonene in the presence of oxides of nitrogen and natural sunlight , 2005 .

[21]  Peter J. Fryer,et al.  A prototype cleaning map: A classification of industrial cleaning processes , 2009 .

[22]  C. Seigneur,et al.  Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation via multiphase partitioning with molecular data. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[23]  R. Sarathi,et al.  Investigations of surface modifications in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber due to tracking , 2002 .

[24]  Y. Ohtake,et al.  Surface degradation of poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-5-ethylidene-2-norbornene) terpolymer by ozone in water , 2011 .

[25]  K. G. Honnell,et al.  Measurement and correlation of sorption and transport properties of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) elastomers , 2005 .

[26]  Frank Heckel,et al.  Influence of technological processing on apple aroma analysed by high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and on-line gas chromatography-combustion/pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry , 2006 .

[27]  R. Kamens,et al.  Kinetic mechanism for predicting secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of d-limonene with ozone. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  H. Tomiyasu,et al.  Kinetics and mechanism of ozone decomposition in basic aqueous solution , 1985 .

[29]  M. McGuire,et al.  Oxidation of Five Earthy-Musty Taste and Odor Compounds , 1986 .