A Simple Approach to Case-Based Reasoning in Knowledge Bases

We present a surprisingly simple yet accurate approach to reasoning in knowledge graphs (KGs) that requires \emph{no training}, and is reminiscent of case-based reasoning in classical artificial intelligence (AI). Consider the task of finding a target entity given a source entity and a binary relation. Our approach finds multiple \textit{graph path patterns} that connect similar source entities through the given relation, and looks for pattern matches starting from the query source. Using our method, we obtain new state-of-the-art accuracy, outperforming all previous models, on NELL-995 and FB-122. We also demonstrate that our model is robust in low data settings, outperforming recently proposed meta-learning approaches.

[1]  Thomas Demeester,et al.  Adversarial Sets for Regularising Neural Link Predictors , 2017, UAI.

[2]  J. Ross Quinlan,et al.  Learning logical definitions from relations , 1990, Machine Learning.

[3]  Jian-Yun Nie,et al.  RotatE: Knowledge Graph Embedding by Relational Rotation in Complex Space , 2018, ICLR.

[4]  Omer Levy,et al.  Generalization through Memorization: Nearest Neighbor Language Models , 2020, ICLR.

[5]  Andrew McCallum,et al.  Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning , 2007 .

[6]  Stephen Muggleton,et al.  Inverse entailment and progol , 1995, New Generation Computing.

[7]  Joshua B. Tenenbaum,et al.  Modelling Relational Data using Bayesian Clustered Tensor Factorization , 2009, NIPS.

[8]  Lise Getoor,et al.  Probabilistic Similarity Logic , 2010, UAI.

[9]  Tim Rocktäschel,et al.  End-to-end Differentiable Proving , 2017, NIPS.

[10]  H. Schmidt,et al.  A cognitive perspective on medical expertise: theory and implication [published erratum appears in Acad Med 1992 Apr;67(4):287] , 1990, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[11]  Manaal Faruqui,et al.  Text Generation with Exemplar-based Adaptive Decoding , 2019, NAACL.

[12]  Oren Etzioni,et al.  Learning First-Order Horn Clauses from Web Text , 2010, EMNLP.

[13]  Edwina L. Rissland,et al.  Examples in Legal Reasoning: Legal Hypotheticals , 1983, IJCAI.

[14]  Stefano Ermon,et al.  Learning and Inference via Maximum Inner Product Search , 2016, ICML.

[15]  Percy Liang,et al.  Generating Sentences by Editing Prototypes , 2017, TACL.

[16]  J. Lancaster,et al.  Problem Solving in a Natural Task as a Function of Experience , 1987 .

[17]  Janet L. Kolodner,et al.  Maintaining Organization in a Dynamic Long-Term Memory , 1983, Cogn. Sci..

[18]  Agnar Aamodt,et al.  Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational Issues, Methodological Variations, and System Approaches , 1994, AI Commun..

[19]  Pedro M. Domingos,et al.  Statistical predicate invention , 2007, ICML '07.

[20]  William Yang Wang,et al.  Programming with personalized pagerank: a locally groundable first-order probabilistic logic , 2013, CIKM.

[21]  Hans-Peter Kriegel,et al.  Infinite Hidden Relational Models , 2006, UAI.

[22]  Rajarshi Das,et al.  Chains of Reasoning over Entities, Relations, and Text using Recurrent Neural Networks , 2016, EACL.

[23]  Walter Daelemans,et al.  An efficient memory-based morphosyntactic tagger and parser for Dutch , 2007, CLIN 2007.

[24]  Gerhard Weikum,et al.  WWW 2007 / Track: Semantic Web Session: Ontologies ABSTRACT YAGO: A Core of Semantic Knowledge , 2022 .

[25]  B. Ross Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[26]  Jianfeng Gao,et al.  Embedding Entities and Relations for Learning and Inference in Knowledge Bases , 2014, ICLR.

[27]  Praveen Paritosh,et al.  Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge , 2008, SIGMOD Conference.

[28]  Karl Stratos,et al.  Label-Agnostic Sequence Labeling by Copying Nearest Neighbors , 2019, ACL.

[29]  Ralph Grishman,et al.  Distant Supervision for Relation Extraction with an Incomplete Knowledge Base , 2013, NAACL.

[30]  Percy Liang,et al.  A Retrieve-and-Edit Framework for Predicting Structured Outputs , 2018, NeurIPS.

[31]  Edoardo M. Airoldi,et al.  Mixed Membership Stochastic Blockmodels , 2007, NIPS.

[32]  Richard Socher,et al.  Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Reward Shaping , 2018, EMNLP.

[33]  Xin Lv,et al.  Adapting Meta Knowledge Graph Information for Multi-Hop Reasoning over Few-Shot Relations , 2019, EMNLP.

[34]  Andrew McCallum,et al.  Multilingual Relation Extraction using Compositional Universal Schema , 2015, NAACL.

[35]  Furu Wei,et al.  Retrieve, Rerank and Rewrite: Soft Template Based Neural Summarization , 2018, ACL.

[36]  Jun Zhao,et al.  Relation Classification via Convolutional Deep Neural Network , 2014, COLING.

[37]  Matthew Richardson,et al.  Markov logic networks , 2006, Machine Learning.

[38]  Jason Weston,et al.  Retrieve and Refine: Improved Sequence Generation Models For Dialogue , 2018, SCAI@EMNLP.

[39]  Pasquale Minervini,et al.  Convolutional 2D Knowledge Graph Embeddings , 2017, AAAI.

[40]  Thomas L. Griffiths,et al.  Nonparametric Latent Feature Models for Link Prediction , 2009, NIPS.

[41]  Sergey Levine,et al.  Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networks , 2017, ICML.

[42]  Roger C. Schank,et al.  Dynamic memory - a theory of reminding and learning in computers and people , 1983 .

[43]  C SchankRoger,et al.  Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People , 1983 .

[44]  Fan Yang,et al.  Differentiable Learning of Logical Rules for Knowledge Base Reasoning , 2017, NIPS.

[45]  Gaurav Pandey,et al.  Exemplar Encoder-Decoder for Neural Conversation Generation , 2018, ACL.

[46]  Jun Zhu,et al.  Max-Margin Nonparametric Latent Feature Models for Link Prediction , 2012, ICML.

[47]  Edward Grefenstette,et al.  Differentiable Reasoning on Large Knowledge Bases and Natural Language , 2019, Knowledge Graphs for eXplainable Artificial Intelligence.

[48]  Vítor Santos Costa,et al.  Inductive Logic Programming , 2013, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[49]  Walter Daelemans,et al.  MBT: A Memory-Based Part of Speech Tagger-Generator , 1996, VLC@COLING.

[50]  Wenhan Xiong,et al.  DeepPath: A Reinforcement Learning Method for Knowledge Graph Reasoning , 2017, EMNLP.

[51]  Li Guo,et al.  Jointly Embedding Knowledge Graphs and Logical Rules , 2016, EMNLP.

[52]  Guillaume Bouchard,et al.  Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Prediction , 2016, ICML.

[53]  Thomas L. Griffiths,et al.  Learning Systems of Concepts with an Infinite Relational Model , 2006, AAAI.

[54]  Jason Weston,et al.  Translating Embeddings for Modeling Multi-relational Data , 2013, NIPS.

[55]  Estevam R. Hruschka,et al.  Toward an Architecture for Never-Ending Language Learning , 2010, AAAI.

[56]  Alexander J. Smola,et al.  Go for a Walk and Arrive at the Answer: Reasoning Over Paths in Knowledge Bases using Reinforcement Learning , 2017, ICLR.