Magnetic resonance imaging techniques: fMRI, DWI, and PWI.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive technique which can acquire important quantitative and anatomical information from an individual in any plane or volume at comparatively high resolution. Over the past several years, developments in scanner hardware and software have enabled the acquisition of fast MRI imaging, proving extremely useful in various clinical and research applications such as in brain mapping or functional MRI (fMRI), perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). These techniques have revolutionized the use of MRI in the clinics, providing great insight into physiologic mechanisms and pathologic conditions. Since these relatively new areas of MRI have relied on fast scanning techniques, they have only recently been widely introduced to clinical sites. As such, this review article is devoted to the technological aspects of these techniques, as well as their roles and limitations in neuroimaging applications.

[1]  S. Ogawa,et al.  Oxygenation‐sensitive contrast in magnetic resonance image of rodent brain at high magnetic fields , 1990, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[2]  M. Moseley,et al.  Advantages of adding diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to conventional magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating acute stroke. , 2000, Archives of neurology.

[3]  S. Warach,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Stroke , 1998, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[4]  S M Davis,et al.  Prediction of stroke outcome with echoplanar perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI , 1998, Neurology.

[5]  B. Rosen,et al.  High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: Experimental comparison and preliminary results , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[6]  G. Schlaug,et al.  The ischemic penumbra: operationally defined by diffusion and perfusion MRI. , 1999, Neurology.

[7]  P. Basser.  Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion‐weighted images , 1995, NMR in biomedicine.

[8]  J. Pauly,et al.  Diffusion‐weighted interleaved echo‐planar imaging with a pair of orthogonal navigator echoes , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[9]  B. Rosen,et al.  High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part I: Mathematical approach and statistical analysis , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[10]  D. S. Williams,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of perfusion using spin inversion of arterial water. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Donald S. Williams,et al.  Tissue specific perfusion imaging using arterial spin labeling , 1994, NMR in biomedicine.

[12]  J. Kurhanewicz,et al.  Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. , 1990, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[13]  V. Wedeen,et al.  Brain parenchyma motion: measurement with cine echo-planar MR imaging. , 1992, Radiology.

[14]  Wei Li,et al.  Fast magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging of acute human stroke , 1992, Neurology.

[15]  C. Beaulieu,et al.  Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of perfusion and diffusion in stroke: Evolution of lesion volume and correlation with clinical outcome , 1999, Annals of neurology.

[16]  D. Gadian,et al.  Delay and dispersion effects in dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI: Simulations using singular value decomposition , 2000, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[17]  Scott Hamilton,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: The diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study , 2006, Annals of neurology.

[18]  S. Skare,et al.  On the effects of gating in diffusion imaging of the brain using single shot EPI. , 2001, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[19]  D G Gadian,et al.  Quantification of Perfusion Using Bolus Tracking Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Stroke: Assumptions, Limitations, and Potential Implications for Clinical Use , 2002, Stroke.

[20]  P. Barber,et al.  Absent middle cerebral artery flow predicts the presence and evolution of the ischemic penumbra , 1999, Neurology.

[21]  T. L. Davis,et al.  Hyperacute stroke: evaluation with combined multisection diffusion-weighted and hemodynamically weighted echo-planar MR imaging. , 1996, Radiology.

[22]  P. Basser,et al.  Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. , 1994, Journal of magnetic resonance. Series B.

[23]  David L. Thomas,et al.  Measuring Cerebral Blood Flow Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques , 1999, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[24]  Donald S. Williams,et al.  Perfusion imaging , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.