Strong and Silent

Self-injury is commonly reported to be primarily a female experience and rare among males. However, contemporary research suggests that this may not be the case and that male self-injury may be equally common but less recognized. I suggest that the invisibility of male self-injury results from the structures of normative gender that define “mental illness,” vulnerability, and distress behaviors through traditional masculinity and femininity. These structures impede the recognition of male self-injury and mitigate against the provision of appropriate support and male help-seeking. In this article, I focus in depth on the experiences of three men who participated in a small-scale qualitative research project exploring self-injury from a participant-centered ethos. This provides a step toward redressing the silence regarding male self-injury and exploring the issues that emerge from attending to male experiences. It also highlights the need for further gender sensitive research, theory, and practice.

[1]  E. Goffman Stigma; Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity , 1964 .

[2]  L. Howard,et al.  Gender differences in mental health. , 2010, International review of psychiatry.

[3]  S. Rosenfield,et al.  Gender stratification and mental health: An exploration of dimensions of the self , 2000 .

[4]  J. Robbins,et al.  Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. , 2000, The Journal of family practice.

[5]  M. Moyer Working with Self-Injurious Adolescents Using the Safe Kit , 2008 .

[6]  K. Inckle Telling tales? Using ethnographic fictions to speak embodied ‘truth’ , 2010 .

[7]  Roberton C. Williams Masculinities and Vulnerability , 2009 .

[8]  C. Murray,et al.  Why do people self-harm? , 2003, Psychology, Health & Medicine.

[9]  A. Bryan,et al.  Supporting LGBT LIVES. A Study of the Mental Health and Well-being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People , 2009 .

[10]  Herbert Snyder,et al.  Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data , 1996 .

[11]  J. Ussher Women's Madness: Misogyny Or Mental Illness? , 1991 .

[12]  K. Inckle The First Cut Is the Deepest: A Harm-Reduction Approach to Self-Injury , 2011 .

[13]  Daniel Eisenberg,et al.  Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Injury Among University Students , 2008, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[14]  Jennifer Harris Self-Harm: Cutting the Bad out of Me , 2000, Qualitative health research.

[15]  M Sandelowski,et al.  "To be of use": enhancing the utility of qualitative research. , 1997, Nursing outlook.

[16]  K. Weiss Male Sexual Victimization , 2010 .

[17]  J. Ritchie,et al.  Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers , 2013 .

[18]  Pauline Heslop,et al.  Hidden Pain? Self-Injury and People with Learning Disabilities , 2009 .

[19]  Using Focus Group Research in Exploring the Relationships between Youth, Risk and Social Position , 2010 .

[20]  Liz. Frost Young Women and the Body: A Feminist Sociology , 2001 .

[21]  J. Pearson,et al.  Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  T. Evans,et al.  A Prison within a Prison? , 2008 .

[23]  Anthony Distefano Suicidality and Self-Harm Among Sexual Minorities in Japan , 2008, Qualitative health research.

[24]  A. Oakley Interviewing Women: an contradiction in terms? , 2013 .

[25]  R. Gallop Failure of the Capacity for Self-Soothing in Women Who Have a History of Abuse and Self-Harm , 2002 .

[26]  E. Rothblum,et al.  Mental health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings: effects of gender, sexual orientation, and family. , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[27]  I. Meyer Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. , 2003, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  A. White Men and Mental Wellbeing ‐ Encouraging Gender Sensitivity , 2006 .

[29]  H. Rubin,et al.  Qualitative Interviewing (2nd ed.): The Art of Hearing Data , 2005 .

[30]  Michelle Fine,et al.  To Be of Use , 2001 .

[31]  M. Afifi Gender differences in mental health. , 2007, Singapore medical journal.

[32]  F. Williams,et al.  Emotion Regulation, Coping and Alcohol Use as Moderators in the Relationship Between Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Psychological Distress , 2010, Prevention Science.

[33]  G. Morgan This is Survivor Research , 2010, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[34]  Dusty Miller Women Who Hurt Themselves , 1994 .

[35]  H. Spandler Who's Hurting Who? Young People, Self-Harm and Suicide , 2001 .

[36]  Gerrilyn Smith Women And Self Harm , 1999 .

[37]  C. Mackenzie,et al.  Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes , 2006, Aging & mental health.

[38]  A. Favazza Bodies under siege : self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry , 1996 .

[39]  J. Oliffe Health Behaviors, Prostate Cancer, and Masculinities , 2009 .

[40]  K. Inckle At the Cutting Edge: Creative and Holistic Responses to Self-Injury , 2010, Creative Nursing.