Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent--a review.

Various techniques such as physical, chemical, biological, advanced oxidation and electrochemical are used for the treatment of industrial effluent. The commonly used conventional biological treatment processes are time consuming, need large operational area and are not effective for effluent containing toxic elements. Advanced oxidation techniques result in high treatment cost and are generally used to obtain high purity grade water. The chemical coagulation technique is slow and generates large amount of sludge. Electrocoagulation has recently attracted attention as a potential technique for treating industrial effluent due to its versatility and environmental compatibility. This technique uses direct current source between metal electrodes immersed in the effluent, which causes the dissolution of electrode plates into the effluent. The metal ions, at an appropriate pH, can form wide range of coagulated species and metal hydroxides that destabilize and aggregate particles or precipitate and adsorb the dissolved contaminants. Therefore, the objective of the present manuscript is to review the potential of electrocoagulation for the treatment of industrial effluents, mainly removal of dyes from textile effluent.

[1]  Mahmut Bayramoglu,et al.  Treatment of the textile wastewater by electrocoagulation Economical evaluation , 2007 .

[2]  M. Rakib,et al.  Purification of firefighting water containing a fluorinated surfactant by reverse osmosis coupled to electrocoagulation–filtration , 2011 .

[3]  V. Khandegar,et al.  Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluent Containing Acid Red 131 Dye , 2014 .

[4]  Chen-Lu Yang,et al.  Electrochemical coagulation for textile effluent decolorization. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[5]  A. Samanta,et al.  Trivalent chromium removal by electrocoagulation and characterization of the process sludge , 2007 .

[6]  H. Hasar,et al.  Effect of anions on removing Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ in electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[7]  D. Ghosh,et al.  Removal of Fe(II) from tap water by electrocoagulation technique. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[8]  G. T. Munive,et al.  Kinetic Aspects of Gold and Silver Recovery in Cementation with Zinc Power and Electrocoagulation Iron Process , 2012 .

[9]  A. Torabian,et al.  Fluoride removal from industrial wastewater using electrocoagulation and its adsorption kinetics. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[10]  B. Merzouk,et al.  Removal of a disperse red dye from synthetic wastewater by chemical coagulation and continuous electrocoagulation. A comparative study , 2011 .

[11]  A. Adin,et al.  Electrocoagulation versus chemical coagulation: coagulation/flocculation mechanisms and resulting floc characteristics. , 2012, Water research.

[12]  Tugba Olmez-Hanci,et al.  Electrocoagulation of commercial naphthalene sulfonates: process optimization and assessment of implementation potential. , 2012, Journal of environmental management.

[13]  N. Modirshahla,et al.  Investigation of the effect of different electrodes and their connections on the removal efficiency of 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[14]  S. Kara Treatment of transport container washing wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2013 .

[15]  M. Ongwandee,et al.  Optimizing electrocoagulation process for the treatment of biodiesel wastewater using response surface methodology. , 2009, Journal of environmental sciences.

[16]  P. Cañizares,et al.  Removal of arsenic by iron and aluminium electrochemically assisted coagulation , 2011 .

[17]  N. Subrahmanyam,et al.  Comparing Four Compound-specific Cohesion Factor Relationships for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State , 2013 .

[18]  Electrocoagulation treatment of simulated floor-wash containing Reactive Black 5 using iron sacrificial anode. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[19]  Nihal Bektaş,et al.  Removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions by electro-coagulation. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[20]  Mohammad Malakootian,et al.  Survey efficiency of electrocoagulation on nitrate removal from aqueous solution , 2011 .

[21]  Mehmet Kesmez,et al.  Treatment of orange II azo-dye by electrocoagulation (EC) technique in a continuous flow cell using sacrificial iron electrodes. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[22]  A. Akyol Treatment of paint manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2012 .

[23]  Evon M. O. Abu-Taieh,et al.  Comparative study , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[24]  M. Bayramoğlu,et al.  The effect of process conditions on the treatment of benzoquinone solution by electrocoagulation. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[25]  B. Merzouk,et al.  Removal turbidity and separation of heavy metals using electrocoagulation-electroflotation technique A case study. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[26]  S. Daniele,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of dyeing baths bearing disperse dyes , 2000 .

[27]  Shih-Hsien Chang,et al.  Treatment of Reactive Black 5 by combined electrocoagulation-granular activated carbon adsorption-microwave regeneration process. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[28]  D. Rajkumar,et al.  Electrochemical degradation of Reactive Blue 19 in chloride medium for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater with identification of intermediate compounds , 2007 .

[29]  I. Gonçalves,et al.  Electrochemical degradation of C. I. acid Orange 7 , 2004 .

[30]  P. Cañizares,et al.  Electrocoagulation of the effluents from surfactant-aided soil-remediation processes , 2012 .

[31]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Removal of iron from drinking water by electrocoagulation: Adsorption and kinetics studies , 2009 .

[32]  J. L. Valenzuela,et al.  Arsenic removal via electrocoagulation from heavy metal contaminated groundwater in La Comarca Lagunera México. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[33]  A. Soleymani,et al.  Removal of Acid Brown 14 in aqueous media by electrocoagulation: Optimization parameters and minimizing of energy consumption , 2011 .

[34]  N. Amin,et al.  Removal of acid green dye 50 from wastewater by anodic oxidation and electrocoagulation--a comparative study. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[35]  A. Fabregat,et al.  Comparison of electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes with chemical coagulation for the removal of a highly soluble acid dye , 2011 .

[36]  V. Khandegar,et al.  Electrochemical Treatment of Distillery Spent Wash Using Aluminum and Iron Electrodes , 2012 .

[37]  A. Mahvi,et al.  Performance evaluation of a continuous bipolar electrocoagulation/electrooxidation-electroflotation (ECEO-EF) reactor designed for simultaneous removal of ammonia and phosphate from wastewater effluent. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[38]  A. H. Robinson,et al.  Landfill leachate treatment , 2005 .

[39]  Djamel Ghernaout,et al.  Effect of pH on Electrocoagulation of Bentonite Suspensions in Batch Using Iron Electrodes , 2008 .

[40]  A. Nejmeddine,et al.  Electro-coagulation of reactive textile dyes and textile wastewater , 2005 .

[41]  Mahmoud Dhahbi,et al.  Treatment of textile wastewater by a hybrid electrocoagulation/nanofiltration process. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[42]  Guohua Chen,et al.  Separation of pollutants from restaurant wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2000 .

[43]  D. Lu,et al.  Synergistic effect in treatment of C.I. Acid Red 2 by electrocoagulation and electrooxidation. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[44]  J. Qiu,et al.  Decolorization of C.I. Reactive Yellow 84 in Aqueous Solution by Electrocoagulation Enhanced with Ozone: Influence of Operating Conditions , 2007, Environmental technology.

[45]  I. Linares-Hernández,et al.  Influence of the anodic material on electrocoagulation performance , 2009 .

[46]  M. Mountadar,et al.  Detoxification and discoloration of Moroccan olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[47]  M. Farzadkia,et al.  Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated groundwater using an electrocoagulation process: Batch and continuous experiments , 2011 .

[48]  M. Bayramoğlu,et al.  Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[49]  Marius S. Secula,et al.  Removal of acid dye from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation/GAC adsorption coupling: Kinetics and electrical operating costs , 2012 .

[50]  Z. Al-Hamouz,et al.  Ground water coagulation using soluble stainless steel electrodes , 2002 .

[51]  A. Pauss,et al.  Treatment of olive mill wastewater by the combination of ultrafiltration and bipolar electrochemical reactor processes , 2011, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification.

[52]  Mathur,et al.  Fluoride Removal By A Continuous Flow Electrocoagulation Reactor From Groundwater Of Shivdaspura . , 2012 .

[53]  Mahmut Bayramoglu,et al.  Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater , 2004 .

[54]  Ayşe Kuleyin,et al.  Treatment performance evaluation of chemical oxygen demand from landfill leachate by electro‐coagulation and electro‐fenton technique , 2012 .

[55]  J. Guo,et al.  Landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation , 2011 .

[56]  E. Yuksel,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of colour index reactive orange 84 and textile wastewater by using stainless steel and iron electrodes , 2013 .

[57]  Antonis A. Zorpas,et al.  Testing an electrochemical method for treatment of textile dye wastewater , 2000 .

[58]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Effects of alternating and direct current in electrocoagulation process on the removal of cadmium from water. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[59]  E. Chainet,et al.  Contribution to the study of electrocoagulation mechanism in basic textile effluent. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[60]  A. Özer,et al.  Electrochemical decolorization of textile dyes and removal of metal ions from textile dye and metal ion binary mixtures , 2011 .

[61]  A. S. Koparal,et al.  Electrochemical degradation and toxicity reduction of C.I. Basic Red 29 solution and textile wastewater by using diamond anode. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[62]  N. Balasubramanian,et al.  Arsenic Removal from Industrial Effluent through Electrocoagulation , 2001 .

[63]  R. Marandi,et al.  Treatment of dye solution containing colored index acid yellow 36 by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes , 2006 .

[64]  F. Lapicque,et al.  An electrocoagulation unit for the purification of soluble oil wastes of high COD , 2003 .

[65]  Wolfgang Calmano,et al.  Removal of Cr(VI) from model wastewaters by electrocoagulation with Fe electrodes , 2008 .

[66]  F. Akbal,et al.  Treatment of metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2012 .

[67]  A. Amrane,et al.  Integration of electro coagulation and adsorption for the treatment of tannery wastewater – The case of an Algerian factory, Rouiba , 2012 .

[68]  M. Farzadkia,et al.  The influence of operational parameters on elimination of cyanide from wastewater using the electrocoagulation process , 2011 .

[69]  A. Abdel-Wahab,et al.  Application of electrochemically dissolved iron in the removal of tannic acid from water , 2011 .

[70]  Fatih Ilhan,et al.  Optimization of energy costs in the pretreatment of olive mill wastewaters by electrocoagulation , 2012, Environmental technology.

[71]  T. Olmez-Hanci,et al.  Complexing agent and heavy metal removals from metal plating effluent by electrocoagulation with stainless steel electrodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[72]  M. Ganesan,et al.  Use of adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC) for the enhancement of removal of chromium from synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[73]  N. Adhoum,et al.  Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2004 .

[74]  I. D. Mall,et al.  Treatment of bio-digester effluent by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[75]  A. S. Koparal,et al.  Electrocoagulation of vegetable oil refinery wastewater using aluminum electrodes. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[76]  Sanjeev Chaudhari,et al.  Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[77]  I. D. Mall,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of a distillery wastewater: Parametric and residue disposal study , 2009 .

[78]  M. Kobya,et al.  Decolorisation of aqueous reactive dye Remazol Red 3B by electrocoagulation , 2010 .

[79]  S. Brar,et al.  Organics removal in oily bilgewater by electrocoagulation process. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[80]  F. Lapicque,et al.  Treatment of the industrial wastewaters by electrocoagulation: optimization of coupled electrochemical and sedimentation processes. , 2010 .

[81]  A. Martins,et al.  Nonylphenol polyethoxylate in hospital wastewater: A study of the subproducts of electrocoagulation , 2012, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[82]  V. Montiel,et al.  Electrocoagulation of wastewater from almond industry. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[83]  D. Cocke,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of Orange II dye solution--use of aluminum sacrificial electrodes and floc characterization. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[84]  B. Keskinler,et al.  The investigation of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation method. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[85]  A. Sancha The removal of arsenic , 2000 .

[86]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Optimization of the process parameters for the removal of boron from drinking water by electrocoagulation—a clean technology , 2010 .

[87]  George A. Ciorba,et al.  Removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates by electrochemically-generated coagulants , 2002 .

[88]  D. Lestan,et al.  Using electrocoagulation for metal and chelant separation from washing solution after EDTA leaching of Pb, Zn and Cd contaminated soil. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[89]  I. Arslan-Alaton,et al.  Electrocoagulation of simulated reactive dyebath effluent with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[90]  C. Israilides,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of a textile dye and finishing wastewater using a Pt/Ti electrode , 1998 .

[91]  Selin Top,et al.  Characterization and electrocaogulative treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant , 2011 .

[92]  F. Akbal,et al.  Copper, chromium and nickel removal from metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2011 .

[93]  M. Ozacar,et al.  Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electrocoagulation using mild steel electrodes. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[94]  Y. Yıldız Optimization of Bomaplex Red CR-L dye removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[95]  C. Phalakornkule,et al.  Performance of an Electrocoagulation Process in Treating Direct Dye: Batch and Continuous Upflow Processes , 2009 .

[96]  Pen-Chi Chiang,et al.  Decolorization of Wastewater , 2000 .

[97]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Removal of manganese from water by electrocoagulation: Adsorption, kinetics and thermodynamic studies , 2013 .

[98]  M Y Mollah,et al.  Electrocoagulation (EC)--science and applications. , 2001, Journal of hazardous materials.

[99]  E. Valsamidou,et al.  Removal of nickel, copper, zinc and chromium from synthetic and industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2011 .

[100]  A. Martins,et al.  Nonylphenol polyethoxylate degradation by means of electrocoagulation and electrochemical Fenton , 2006 .

[101]  Yusuf Yavuz,et al.  Treatment of dairy industry wastewater by EC and EF processes using hybrid FeAl plate electrodes , 2011 .

[102]  G. Roa‐Morales,et al.  Aluminum electrocoagulation with peroxide applied to wastewater from pasta and cookie processing , 2007 .

[103]  M. Hecini,et al.  Electrocoagulation process applied to wastewater containing dyes from textile industry , 2010 .

[104]  A. Tizpar,et al.  Decolorization of orange II by electrocoagulation method , 2003 .

[105]  V. Sivakumar,et al.  Treatment of pulp and paper industry bleaching effluent by electrocoagulant process. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[106]  Jianmeng Chen,et al.  Effect of operational parameters on the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 in aqueous solution by ozone-enhanced electrocoagulation. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[107]  R. Saravanathamizhan,et al.  Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for the treatment of distillery effluent , 2012 .

[108]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Treatment of textile wastewater by chemical methods for reuse , 1997 .

[109]  N. Drouiche,et al.  Fluoride Removal from pretreated Photovoltaic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation: An Investigation of The Effect of Operational Parameters , 2012 .

[110]  G. Roa‐Morales,et al.  Electrochemical Treatment Applied to Food-Processing Industrial Wastewater , 2006 .

[111]  J. Sohaili,et al.  Electrocoagulation technique in enhancing COD and suspended solids removal to improve wastewater quality. , 2007, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[112]  T Robinson,et al.  Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. , 2001, Bioresource technology.

[113]  Walter Den,et al.  Electrocoagulation for removal of silica nano-particles from chemical–mechanical-planarization wastewater , 2005 .

[114]  C. L. Wu,et al.  Electrochemical removal of nitrite and ammonia for aquaculture , 1996 .

[115]  Mahmut Bayramoglu,et al.  Technical and economic analysis of electrocoagulation for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater , 2006 .

[116]  Wallace Woon-Fong Leung Laboratory and Pilot Testing , 2007 .

[117]  Ç. Hoşten,et al.  A comparative study of electrocoagulation and coagulation of aqueous suspensions of kaolinite powders. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[118]  M. Bayramoğlu,et al.  Treatment of levafix orange textile dye solution by electrocoagulation. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[119]  Kai-Yu Huang,et al.  Effect of operating parameters on indium (III) ion removal by iron electrocoagulation and evaluation of specific energy consumption. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[120]  J. Parga,et al.  Thermodynamic Studies of Chromium Adsorption on Iron Species Generated by Electrocoagulation , 2010 .

[121]  Fenglian Fu,et al.  Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[122]  R. Maachi,et al.  Efficiency of a Pretreatment by Electrocoagulation with Aluminum Electrodes in a Nanofiltration Treatment of Polluted Water , 2012 .

[123]  Khanittha Charoenlarp,et al.  Reuse of dye wastewater through colour removal with electrocoagulation process , 2009 .

[124]  J. L. Valenzuela,et al.  Thermodynamic studies of the strontium adsorption on iron species generated by electrocoagulation , 2012 .

[125]  Y. Yıldız,et al.  The effect of stirring speed and current density on removal efficiency of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater by electrocoagulation method , 2011 .

[126]  Jianmeng Chen,et al.  Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution: An investigation of the effect of operational parameters , 2007 .

[127]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Treatment of chemical mechanical polishing wastewater by electrocoagulation: system performances and sludge settling characteristics. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[128]  Sangyong Kim,et al.  Decolorization of disperse and reactive dyes by continuous electrocoagulation process , 2002 .

[129]  L. Meng,et al.  Removal of Humic Acid from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation , 2007 .

[130]  Aparecido Nivaldo Módenes,et al.  Pollutant removal from tannery effluent by electrocoagulation , 2009 .

[131]  R. Kollar,et al.  Characterization and electrochemical treatment of landfill leachate , 2012, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[132]  N. Anantharaman,et al.  Treatment of textile dye wastewater by using an electrochemical bipolar disc stack reactor , 2004 .

[133]  A. Dimoglo,et al.  Removal of boron by electrocoagulation , 2004 .

[134]  Sudha Goel,et al.  Factors influencing arsenic and nitrate removal from drinking water in a continuous flow electrocoagulation (EC) process. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[135]  R. K. Prasad,et al.  Electrochemical degradation of distillery spent wash using catalytic anode: Factorial design of experiments , 2009 .

[136]  Mei Sun,et al.  Saline wastewater treatment by electrochemical method , 1998 .

[137]  Fernando Ureña-Núñez,et al.  A combined electrocoagulation-sorption process applied to mixed industrial wastewater. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[138]  A. Tanyolaç,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of simulated textile wastewater with industrial components and Levafix Blue CA reactive dye: optimization through response surface methodology. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[139]  A. Khataee,et al.  Decolorization of C.I. Acid Yellow 23 solution by electrocoagulation process: investigation of operational parameters and evaluation of specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC). , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[140]  R. Bleekrode Contribution to the Study of , 1968 .

[141]  Han-Chang Shi,et al.  Electrochemical treatment of ammonia in wastewater by RuO2–IrO2–TiO2/Ti electrodes , 2007 .

[142]  Hakim Lounici,et al.  Treatment of the OUED SMAR town landfill leachate by an electrochemical reactor , 2011 .

[143]  Yoshiyasu Ehara,et al.  Effect of electrode shape on discharge current and performance with barrier discharge type electrostatic precipitator , 2003 .

[144]  R. Bejankiwar Electrochemical treatment of cigarette industry wastewater: feasibility study. , 2002, Water Research.

[145]  J. Belgaied,et al.  Treatment of electroplating wastewater containing Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cr(VI) by electrocoagulation. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[146]  Zoubir Derriche,et al.  Experimental investigation of chemical oxygen demand and turbidity removal from cardboard paper mill effluents using combined electrocoagulation and adsorption processes , 2012 .

[147]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Effects of alternating and direct current in electrocoagulation process on the removal of cadmium from water – A novel approach , 2011 .

[148]  G. Roa‐Morales,et al.  An Integrated Electrocoagulation-Phytoremediation Process for the Treatment of Mixed Industrial Wastewater , 2010, International journal of phytoremediation.

[149]  Mehmet Kesmez,et al.  Characterization of Electrocoagulation for Removal of Chromium and Arsenic , 2005 .

[150]  A. Torabian,et al.  Comparison of COD removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation, photoelectrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation and peroxi-photoelectrocoagulation processes. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[151]  A. Torabian,et al.  Treatment of laundry waste-water by electrocoagulation , 2011 .

[152]  V. Khandegar,et al.  Electrochemical Treatment of Effluent from Small-Scale Dyeing Unit , 2013 .

[153]  A. Gennaro,et al.  Advanced oxidation processes coupled with electrocoagulation for the exhaustive abatement of Cr-EDTA. , 2011, Water research.

[154]  Olcay Tünay,et al.  Treatment of phthalic acid esters by electrocoagulation with stainless steel electrodes using dimethyl phthalate as a model compound. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[155]  Belkacem Merzouk,et al.  Using electrocoagulation–electroflotation technology to treat synthetic solution and textile wastewater, two case studies , 2010 .

[156]  S. Prabhakar,et al.  Removal of sulfide, sulfate and sulfite ions by electro coagulation. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[157]  Chih-Ta Wang,et al.  Adsorption treatment of oxide chemical mechanical polishing wastewater from a semiconductor manufacturing plant by electrocoagulation. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[158]  D. Ghosh,et al.  Techno-economic analysis for the electrocoagulation of fluoride-contaminated drinking water , 2011 .

[159]  G. Karthikeyan,et al.  Comparison of treatment potential of electrocoagulation of distillery effluent with and without activated Areca catechu nut carbon. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[160]  F. Akbal,et al.  Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Heavy Metal Removal , 2010 .

[161]  F. H. Borba,et al.  Performance evaluation of an integrated photo-Fenton – Electrocoagulation process applied to pollutant removal from tannery effluent in batch system , 2012 .

[162]  E. I. Wang,et al.  Pilot treatment of OCC-based paper mill wastewater using pulsed electrocoagulation , 2007 .

[163]  Guohua Chen,et al.  Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater , 2003 .

[164]  Saudi Arabia,et al.  ELECTROCOAGULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FOR REUSE IN IRRIGATION AND PLANTATION , 2011 .

[165]  C. Nanseu-Njiki,et al.  Mercury(II) removal from water by electrocoagulation using aluminium and iron electrodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[166]  S. Prabhakar,et al.  Treatment of wastewater from synthetic textile industry by electrocoagulation-electrooxidation , 2008 .

[167]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  Treatment of textile wastewater by electrochemical method , 1994 .

[168]  Edward H. Smith,et al.  Grey water treatment by a continuous process of an electrocoagulation unit and a submerged membrane bioreactor system , 2012 .

[169]  M. Kobya,et al.  Treatment of the baker's yeast wastewater by electrocoagulation. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[170]  Mehmet Kobya,et al.  Optimization of baker's yeast wastewater using response surface methodology by electrocoagulation , 2012 .

[171]  M. Özacar,et al.  The decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using sacrificial iron electrodes. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[172]  M. Bayramoğlu,et al.  Decolorization of Reactive Dye Solutions by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum Electrodes , 2003 .

[173]  P. Manisankar,et al.  Effect of halides in the electrochemical treatment of distillery effluent. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[174]  Chantaraporn Phalakornkule,et al.  Electrocoagulation of blue reactive, red disperse and mixed dyes, and application in treating textile effluent. , 2010, Journal of environmental management.

[175]  Y. Kuo,et al.  Removal of COD from laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation/electroflotation. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[176]  Guohua Chen,et al.  Removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater by combined electrocoagulation–electroflotation without a filter , 2005 .

[177]  A. Samanta,et al.  Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution: Electrocoagulation vs Chemical Coagulation , 2007 .

[178]  Zheng Zheng,et al.  Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation. , 2007, Journal of environmental sciences.

[179]  Z. Murthy,et al.  Removal of strontium by electrocoagulation using stainless steel and aluminum electrodes , 2011 .

[180]  M. Sivakumar,et al.  An empirical model for defluoridation by batch monopolar electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) process. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[181]  Fatih Ilhan,et al.  Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation in a Cell with Fe–Fe Electrodes , 2008 .

[182]  Sangyong Kim,et al.  Comparison of disperse and reactive dye removals by chemical coagulation and Fenton oxidation. , 2004, Journal of Hazardous Materials.

[183]  Huijuan Liu,et al.  Transformation characteristics of refractory pollutants in plugboard wastewater by an optimal electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton process. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[184]  S. Verma,et al.  Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation , 2013 .

[185]  Huijuan Liu,et al.  Simultaneous removal of arsenite and fluoride via an integrated electro-oxidation and electrocoagulation process. , 2011, Chemosphere.

[186]  A. Gürses,et al.  The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. , 2008, Journal of environmental management.

[187]  Juu-En Chang,et al.  Indirect oxidation effect in electrochemical oxidation treatment of landfill leachate , 1995 .

[188]  I. Arslan-Alaton,et al.  Effect of dye auxiliaries on color and COD removal from simulated reactive dyebath effluent by electrocoagulation , 2009 .

[189]  M. Schulz,et al.  Laboratory and pilot testing of electrocoagulation for removing scale-forming species from industrial process waters , 2009 .

[190]  S. Koparal,et al.  Removal of dye stuffs from waste water : electrocoagulation of Acilan Blau using soluble anode , 1992 .

[191]  Muftah H El-Naas,et al.  Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[192]  Hakim Lounici,et al.  Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of north Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes , 1998 .

[193]  A. S. Koparal,et al.  Electrocoagulation of heavy metals containing model wastewater using monopolar iron electrodes , 2012 .

[194]  K. Dermentzis,et al.  REMOVAL OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FROM ELECTROPLATING WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION WITH IRON ELECTRODES , 2011 .

[195]  Hassan Pahlavanzadeh,et al.  Influence of different combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on electrocoagulation efficiency: Application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater , 2011 .

[196]  M. Arami,et al.  Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: Optimization through response surface methodology , 2011 .

[197]  Muttucumaru Sivakumar,et al.  Review of pollutants removed by electrocoagulation and electrocoagulation/flotation processes. , 2009, Journal of environmental management.

[198]  A. Sakalis,et al.  A comparative study of platinised titanium and niobe/synthetic diamond as anodes in the electrochemical treatment of textile wastewater , 2006 .

[199]  R. Dluhy,et al.  Electrochemical generation of aluminum sorbent for fluoride adsorption. , 2002, Journal of hazardous materials.

[200]  Patricio Peralta-Zamora,et al.  Electrochemically assisted photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes , 1999 .

[201]  M. K. Rofouei,et al.  An investigation on the new operational parameter effective in Cr(VI) removal efficiency: a study on electrocoagulation by alternating pulse current. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[202]  Marius S. Secula,et al.  AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF INDIGO CARMINE REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY ELECTROCOAGULATION , 2011 .

[203]  M. Sillanpää,et al.  Removal of toxic pollutants from pulp mill effluents by electrocoagulation , 2011 .

[204]  M. M. Emamjomeh,et al.  Analysis and the understanding of fluoride removal mechanisms by an electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF) process , 2011 .

[205]  A. Alshawabkeh,et al.  Electrochemical Reduction of Selenate Using Reactive Anode , 2012 .

[206]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Electrochemically assisted coagulation for the removal of boron from water using zinc anode , 2013 .

[207]  E. Demirbas,et al.  Treatment of potato chips manufacturing wastewater by electrocoagulation , 2006 .

[208]  E. Demirbas,et al.  Treatment of potable water containing low concentration of arsenic with electrocoagulation: Different connection modes and Fe-Al electrodes , 2011 .

[209]  S. Chellam,et al.  Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using microfiltration membranes. , 2005, Water research.

[210]  N. Bellakhal,et al.  Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from paper industry. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[211]  A. Samanta,et al.  Removal of trivalent chromium by electrocoagulation , 2007 .

[212]  M. Karpuzcu,et al.  Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electro-coagulation , 2004 .

[213]  Huiping Deng,et al.  Removal of humic acids from water by hybrid titanium-based electrocoagulation with ultrafiltration membrane processes , 2012 .

[214]  J. Ni,et al.  Fluoride distribution in electrocoagulation defluoridation process , 2007 .

[215]  Sheng H. Lin,et al.  ELECTROCOAGULATION OF CHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING (CMP) WASTEWATER FROM SEMICONDUCTOR FABRICATION , 2003 .

[216]  M. Kasiri,et al.  Optimization of C.I. Acid Red 14 azo dye removal by electrocoagulation batch process with response surface methodology , 2008 .

[217]  Y. Zimmels,et al.  Combined treatment of highly contaminated winery wastewater , 2008 .

[218]  N Daneshvar,et al.  Decolorization of basic dye solutions by electrocoagulation: an investigation of the effect of operational parameters. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[219]  A. Dimoglo,et al.  Evaluation of boron removal by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes , 2008 .

[220]  Mohammad Malakootian,et al.  The efficiency of electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes in removal of hardness from water. , 2009 .

[221]  A. Samanta,et al.  Electrocoagulation of methylene blue and eosin yellowish using mild steel electrodes. , 2005, Journal of hazardous materials.

[222]  M. Gutiérrez,et al.  Physical-chemical and biomethanization treatments of wastewater from biodiesel manufacturing. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[223]  Mahmut Bayramoglu,et al.  Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters by electrocoagulation. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[224]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Effects of alternating and direct current in electrocoagulation process on the removal of fluoride from water , 2011 .

[225]  Jean-François Blais,et al.  Phosphorus removal from spiked municipal wastewater using either electrochemical coagulation or chemical coagulation as tertiary treatment , 2012 .

[226]  B. Krishna,et al.  Electrochemical pretreatment of distillery wastewater using aluminum electrode , 2010 .

[227]  F. Akbal,et al.  Decolorization of levafix brilliant blue E‐B by electrocoagulation method , 2011 .

[228]  N. Ghaffour,et al.  Electrocoagulation of chemical mechanical polishing wastewater , 2007 .

[229]  I. Ali,et al.  Removal of Arsenic from Water by Electrocoagulation and Electrodialysis Techniques , 2011 .

[230]  Shih-Hsien Chang,et al.  Improvement of textile dye removal by electrocoagulation with low-cost steel wool cathode reactor , 2012 .

[231]  N. Demircioğlu,et al.  The effects of current density and phosphate concentration on phosphate removal from wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminum and iron plate electrodes , 2006 .

[232]  S. Lo,et al.  Effects of co-existing anions on fluoride removal in electrocoagulation (EC) process using aluminum electrodes. , 2003, Water research.

[233]  Mohammad Y A Mollah,et al.  Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[234]  N. Brandon,et al.  Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment. , 2002, Water research.

[235]  J. Nozaki,et al.  Combined electrocoagulation and TiO(2) photoassisted treatment applied to wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[236]  M. Kasiri,et al.  Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections. , 2004, Journal of hazardous materials.

[237]  Mehmet Kesmez,et al.  Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation using combined Al-Fe electrode system and characterization of products. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[238]  M. Vázquez,et al.  Experimental design approach applied to the elimination of crystal violet in water by electrocoagulation with Fe or Al electrodes. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[239]  Marie-Noëlle Pons,et al.  Electrocoagulation as a tertiary treatment for paper mill wastewater: Removal of non-biodegradable organic pollution and arsenic , 2011 .

[240]  M. Karpuzcu,et al.  Petrochemical wastewater treatment by means of clean electrochemical technologies , 2004 .

[241]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Electrochemical Removal of Boron fromWater: Adsorption and Thermodynamic Studies , 2012 .

[242]  M. Arami,et al.  A Comparison Between Aluminum and Iron Electrodes on Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation Process , 2011 .

[243]  B. Sheldon,et al.  Recovery and utilization of useful by-products from egg processing wastewater by electrocoagulation. , 2002, Poultry science.

[244]  P. Cañizares,et al.  Electrochemical phosphates removal using iron and aluminium electrodes , 2011 .

[245]  Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi,et al.  Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters , 2012 .