Global Frequency Synchronization of Complex Power Networks Via Coordinating Switching Control

It is well known that the frequency synchronization of complex power networks is a prerequisite for stable operation. This paper investigates the global frequency synchronization in power networks via coordinating novel controllers on both the generator-side and the load-side. The designed controllers compute the monitored information from the generator-side and load-side simultaneously, and transmit the processed signals to steer the generators and load buses for maintaining frequency stability. In particular, the generator (load)-side buses can communicate with the load (generator)-side buses, not limited to the same side. Furthermore, nonlinear switching control protocols are proposed to analyze the frequency stability for overcoming the deficiency that the conventional linearized methods can only guarantee the local stability in or near an equilibrium state. The global stability region is rigorously proven, in which the sufficient conditions are derived for achieving global frequency synchronization of power systems. Finally, a prevailing modified Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9-bus system and the widely-used IEEE 39-bus system are selected to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the theoretical results.

[1]  Ufuk Topcu,et al.  Design and Stability of Load-Side Primary Frequency Control in Power Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[2]  R. Merris Laplacian graph eigenvectors , 1998 .

[3]  Bruce H. Krogh,et al.  Wind Integration in Power Systems: Operational Challenges and Possible Solutions , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[4]  Daren Yu,et al.  Synchronization and Transient Stability in Power Grids Based on Łojasiewicz Inequalities , 2014, SIAM J. Control. Optim..

[5]  Guanrong Chen,et al.  Synchronization and desynchronization of complex dynamical networks: an engineering viewpoint , 2003 .

[6]  Xiang Li,et al.  Pacemaker-Based Global Synchronization of Kuramoto Oscillators via Distributed Control , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[7]  Zhao Yang Dong,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of Lithium Battery Operations in Spot and Frequency Regulation Service Markets in Australia Electricity Market , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[8]  P. Kundur,et al.  Power system stability and control , 1994 .

[9]  Xiang Li,et al.  Synchronizing a Weighted and Weakly-Connected Kuramoto-Oscillator Digraph With a Pacemaker , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[10]  Yi Zhang,et al.  Coordinated Distributed MPC for Load Frequency Control of Power System With Wind Farms , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  Mario di Bernardo,et al.  Multiplex PI control for consensus in networks of heterogeneous linear agents , 2015, Autom..

[12]  P. Kundur,et al.  Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and definitions , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[13]  Gabriela Hug,et al.  Enhanced secondary frequency control via distributed peer-to-peer communication , 2016, 2016 European Control Conference (ECC).

[14]  Xiang Li,et al.  Phase synchronization in complex networks with decayed long-range interactions , 2006 .

[15]  C. K. Michael Tse,et al.  Assessment of Robustness of Power Systems From a Network Perspective , 2015, IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems.

[16]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Distributed Secondary Voltage and Frequency Control for Islanded Microgrids With Uncertain Communication Links , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[17]  Fábio Gonçalves Jota,et al.  Design of Networked Control Systems With Explicit Compensation for Time-Delay Variations , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[18]  Sai Pushpak,et al.  Fragility of decentralized load-side frequency control in stochastic environment , 2017, 2017 American Control Conference (ACC).

[19]  Liang Chen,et al.  A Stochastic Model of Cascading Failure Dynamics in Communication Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[20]  Xinghuo Yu,et al.  Smart Grids: A Cyber–Physical Systems Perspective , 2016, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[21]  Karl Henrik Johansson,et al.  Distributed PI-control with applications to power systems frequency control , 2014, 2014 American Control Conference.

[22]  Sergio Grammatico,et al.  Gather-and-broadcast frequency control in power systems , 2016, Autom..

[23]  Sergio Gómez,et al.  Explosive synchronization transitions in scale-free networks. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[24]  Jun Zhao,et al.  Synchronization of dynamical networks by network control , 2009, Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference.

[25]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[26]  Mario di Bernardo,et al.  Distributed PID Control for Consensus of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems.

[27]  Ljupco Kocarev,et al.  Dynamic Load Balancing and Reactive Power Compensation Switch Embedded in Power Meters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[28]  Guanrong Chen,et al.  Complex networks: small-world, scale-free and beyond , 2003 .

[29]  Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu,et al.  Non-Isolated Single-Inductor DC/DC Converter With Fully Reconfigurable Structure for Renewable Energy Applications , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[30]  Jurgen Kurths,et al.  Synchronization in complex networks , 2008, 0805.2976.

[31]  Chai Wah Wu,et al.  Synchronization and convergence of linear dynamics in random directed networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[32]  Xiang Li,et al.  Pinning a complex dynamical network to its equilibrium , 2004, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap..

[33]  B. J. Kirby,et al.  Frequency Control Concerns In The North American Electric Power System , 2003 .

[34]  Jin Zhang,et al.  Adaptive Event-Triggering ${H}_{\infty }$ Load Frequency Control for Network-Based Power Systems , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[35]  Hui Liu,et al.  Coupling Strength Allocation for Synchronization in Complex Networks Using Spectral Graph Theory , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[36]  Bin Liu,et al.  Recognition and Vulnerability Analysis of Key Nodes in Power Grid Based on Complex Network Centrality , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs.

[37]  A.R. Bergen,et al.  A Structure Preserving Model for Power System Stability Analysis , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[38]  David J. Hill,et al.  Power systems as dynamic networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[39]  Carson W. Taylor,et al.  Definition and Classification of Power System Stability , 2004 .

[40]  L. Chua,et al.  Synchronization in an array of linearly coupled dynamical systems , 1995 .

[41]  Roy Paily,et al.  Efficient Solar Power Management System for Self-Powered IoT Node , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[42]  Brian D. O. Anderson,et al.  Network synchronizability enhancement using convex optimization , 2009, 2009 European Control Conference (ECC).

[43]  Xinghuo Yu,et al.  The New Frontier of Smart Grids , 2011, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[44]  David J. Hill,et al.  Non-Disruptive Load-Side Control for Frequency Regulation in Power Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[45]  Xiang Li,et al.  Finite- Time Adaptive Synchronization of Drive-Response Two-Layer Networks , 2018, 2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[46]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Growing Well-connected Graphs , 2006, Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.

[47]  Jie Wu,et al.  Finite-Time and Fixed-Time Synchronization of Kuramoto-Oscillator Network With Multiplex Control , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems.

[48]  Alyssa B. Apsel,et al.  Theory and Demonstration of Noisy Oscillator Samplers for Clock Jitter and Phase Delay Measurement , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[49]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.