Trends of Gold Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy

Following surgical removal of malignant tumors, chemotherapeutic intervention usually is subsequently applied in patients with advanced stages of cancer. Most chemotherapeutic drugs are intravenously injected into patients, leading to systemic cytotoxicity in organs and tissues, including healthy tissue and tumors. Currently, it has been demonstrated that gold nanoparticles can easily penetrate blood vessels and tissue barriers into tumor foci, which indicates gold nanoparticles as a more effective drug carrier with great merits in reducing cytotoxicity and economic burden in patients. Moreover, gold nanoparticles display several unique characterizations with multiple functions in therapeutics, imaging, and surface modification, suggesting gold nanoparticles may become effective antitumor drug carriers. In this review article, we discuss the limitations and applications of gold nanoparticles in surface modification, targeting strategy, and safety considerations.

[1]  Lawrence Tamarkin,et al.  Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Studies of CYT-6091, a Novel PEGylated Colloidal Gold-rhTNF Nanomedicine , 2010, Clinical Cancer Research.

[2]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  Tamoxifen-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol gold nanoparticle conjugates: enhanced potency and selective delivery for breast cancer treatment. , 2009, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[3]  Tianjiao Ji,et al.  Neuropilin-1-targeted gold nanoparticles enhance therapeutic efficacy of platinum(IV) drug for prostate cancer treatment. , 2014, ACS nano.

[4]  B. van Ravenzwaay,et al.  Investigation on the genotoxicity of different sizes of gold nanoparticles administered to the lungs of rats. , 2012, Mutation research.

[5]  H. Maeda,et al.  Mechanism of tumor-targeted delivery of macromolecular drugs, including the EPR effect in solid tumor and clinical overview of the prototype polymeric drug SMANCS. , 2001, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[6]  Vladimir Torchilin,et al.  Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect. , 2011, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[7]  Jonas W Perez,et al.  Hairpin DNA-functionalized gold colloids for the imaging of mRNA in live cells. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  N. K. Jain,et al.  Novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. , 2013, Drug discovery today.

[9]  A. Bangham,et al.  NEGATIVE STAINING OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND THEIR STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION BY SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS AS OBSERVED IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. , 1964, Journal of molecular biology.

[10]  Synthesis of a Smart Gold Nano‐vehicle for Liver Specific Drug Delivery , 2013, AAPS PharmSciTech.

[11]  Duncan Graham,et al.  Gold Nanoparticles for the Improved Anticancer Drug Delivery of the Active Component of Oxaliplatin , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  N. Khlebtsov,et al.  Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances and perspectives. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[13]  O. Moșteanu,et al.  Gold nanoparticles conjugated with cisplatin/doxorubicin/capecitabine lower the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cancer cells. , 2012, Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD.

[14]  Chad A Mirkin,et al.  Polyvalent oligonucleotide gold nanoparticle conjugates as delivery vehicles for platinum(IV) warheads. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[15]  Karen Weintraub,et al.  Biomedicine: The new gold standard , 2013, Nature.

[16]  Younan Xia,et al.  Gold nanostructures: a class of multifunctional materials for biomedical applications. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[17]  Eric Pridgen,et al.  Factors Affecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles , 2008, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[18]  Chao-Liang Wu,et al.  Methotrexate conjugated to gold nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth in a syngeneic lung tumor model. , 2007, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[19]  Walter Kolch,et al.  Big signals from small particles: regulation of cell signaling pathways by nanoparticles. , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[20]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  Beating cancer in multiple ways using nanogold. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[21]  S. Nie,et al.  Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Types of Nanoparticles Used as Drug Delivery Systems , 2022 .

[22]  S. Mitragotri,et al.  Adaptive micro and nanoparticles: temporal control over carrier properties to facilitate drug delivery. , 2011, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[23]  Arezou A Ghazani,et al.  Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. , 2006, Nano letters.

[24]  Takuro Niidome,et al.  PEG-modified gold nanorods with a stealth character for in vivo applications. , 2006, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[25]  Keerti Jain,et al.  Potentials and emerging trends in nanopharmacology. , 2014, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[26]  Chad A. Mirkin,et al.  Gene regulation with polyvalent siRNA-nanoparticle conjugates. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  Sourbh Thakur,et al.  Bovine Serum Albumin Bioconjugated Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Hemolysis, and Cytotoxicity toward Cancer Cell Lines , 2012 .

[28]  Mostafa A. El-Sayed,et al.  The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[29]  Robert L. Tanguay,et al.  Gold nanoparticles disrupt zebrafish eye development and pigmentation. , 2013, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[30]  Tae Gwan Park,et al.  Folate-receptor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin nano-aggregates stabilized by doxorubicin-PEG-folate conjugate. , 2004, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[31]  M. Klagsbrun,et al.  Neuropilins in neoplasms: expression, regulation, and function. , 2006, Experimental cell research.

[32]  B. Chung,et al.  Susceptibility to gold nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity is enhanced in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. , 2012, Toxicology.

[33]  Manuela Semmler-Behnke,et al.  Particle size-dependent and surface charge-dependent biodistribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. , 2011, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[34]  H. Jatzkewitz.  [Incorporation of physiologically-active substances into a colloidal blood plasma substitute. I. Incorporation of mescaline peptide into polyvinylpyrrolidone]. , 1954, Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie.

[35]  Nicklas Raun Jacobsen,et al.  Biodistribution of gold nanoparticles in mouse lung following intratracheal instillation , 2009, Chemistry Central journal.

[36]  S. Feng,et al.  Nanopharmacology of liposomes developed for cancer therapy. , 2010, Nanomedicine.

[37]  Yoon Yeo,et al.  Extracellularly activated nanocarriers: a new paradigm of tumor targeted drug delivery. , 2009, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[38]  Michael S. Strano,et al.  Size-dependent cellular uptake and expulsion of single-walled carbon nanotubes: single particle tracking and a generic uptake model for nanoparticles. , 2009, ACS nano.

[39]  C. Heinlein,et al.  Androgen receptor in prostate cancer. , 2004, Endocrine reviews.

[40]  H. Maeda,et al.  Tumor vascular permeability and the EPR effect in macromolecular therapeutics: a review. , 2000, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[41]  Philip S Low,et al.  In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer statistics, 2013 , 2013, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[43]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  Size matters: gold nanoparticles in targeted cancer drug delivery. , 2012, Therapeutic delivery.

[44]  D. Astruc,et al.  Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[45]  Sabine Neuss,et al.  Size-dependent cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. , 2007, Small.

[46]  S. Nie,et al.  In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[47]  Lev Dykman,et al.  Biodistribution and toxicity of engineered gold nanoparticles: a review of in vitro and in vivo studies. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[48]  A. Bangham,et al.  Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. , 1965, Journal of molecular biology.

[49]  Leaf Huang,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of nanoparticles. , 2008, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[50]  Horst A von Recum,et al.  Gold nanoparticles as a versatile platform for optimizing physicochemical parameters for targeted drug delivery. , 2006, Macromolecular bioscience.

[51]  Srikanth Pilla,et al.  Gold nanoparticles with a monolayer of doxorubicin-conjugated amphiphilic block copolymer for tumor-targeted drug delivery. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[52]  Timothy A. Yap,et al.  Beyond chemotherapy: targeted therapies in ovarian cancer , 2009, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[53]  P. Low,et al.  Folate receptor-targeted drugs for cancer and inflammatory diseases. , 2004, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[54]  H. Maeda,et al.  A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. , 1986, Cancer research.

[55]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery , 2006, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[56]  M. Gottesman.  Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. , 2002, Annual review of medicine.

[57]  Ji-Xin Cheng,et al.  Gold Nanorods as Contrast Agents for Biological Imaging: Optical Properties, Surface Conjugation and Photothermal Effects † , 2009, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[58]  Y. Jeong,et al.  A drug-loaded aptamer-gold nanoparticle bioconjugate for combined CT imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. , 2010, ACS nano.

[59]  Osborne Ck,et al.  Tamoxifen in the Treatment of Breast Cancer , 1998 .

[60]  C. Grandclément,et al.  Neuropilins: A New Target for Cancer Therapy , 2011, Cancers.

[61]  Petra Krystek,et al.  Particle size-dependent organ distribution of gold nanoparticles after intravenous administration. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[62]  E. Frenkel,et al.  Nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer treatment. , 2008, Urologic oncology.

[63]  P. Low,et al.  Folate receptor expression in carcinomas and normal tissues determined by a quantitative radioligand binding assay. , 2005, Analytical biochemistry.

[64]  Nanopharmacology: for the future-think small. , 2010, Clinical nurse specialist CNS.

[65]  D. Cliffel,et al.  In vivo toxicity, biodistribution, and clearance of glutathione-coated gold nanoparticles. , 2013, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[66]  M. Yun,et al.  Drug-loaded gold plasmonic nanoparticles for treatment of multidrug resistance in cancer. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[67]  H. Maeda,et al.  The EPR Effect and Polymeric Drugs: A Paradigm Shift for Cancer Chemotherapy in the 21st Century , 2005 .

[68]  C. Mirkin,et al.  Topical delivery of siRNA-based spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates for gene regulation , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Mathias Brust,et al.  Uptake and intracellular fate of surface-modified gold nanoparticles. , 2008, ACS nano.

[70]  N. Fausto,et al.  New concepts in liver regeneration , 2011, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

[71]  R. P. Andres,et al.  Synthesis and grafting of thioctic acid-PEG-folate conjugates onto Au nanoparticles for selective targeting of folate receptor-positive tumor cells. , 2006, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[72]  Silke Krol,et al.  Blood protein coating of gold nanoparticles as potential tool for organ targeting. , 2014, Biomaterials.

[73]  Li Shi,et al.  Designer nanoparticles: incorporating size, shape and triggered release into nanoscale drug carriers , 2010, Expert opinion on drug delivery.

[74]  B. Prasad,et al.  In situ synthesized BSA capped gold nanoparticles: effective carrier of anticancer drug methotrexate to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. , 2014, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[75]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology. , 2005, Chemical reviews.

[76]  Flemming R Cassee,et al.  Impact of agglomeration state of nano- and submicron sized gold particles on pulmonary inflammation , 2010, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[77]  Resham Bhattacharya,et al.  Efficient Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles by Dual Receptor Targeting , 2011, Advanced materials.

[78]  Younan Xia,et al.  Inorganic nanoparticle-based contrast agents for molecular imaging. , 2010, Trends in molecular medicine.

[79]  P. Caliceti,et al.  Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-protein conjugates. , 2003, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[80]  Sarah C. P. Williams.  Spherical nucleic acids: A whole new ball game , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.