Hybrid Simulation for Tsunami Evacuation in Consideration of Individual Behaviors

A tsunami evacuation model is developed with a hybrid approach that combines two concepts of the potential method and the discrete element method. This model is accounting for a wide variety of individual behaviors as well as different types of interactions between evacuees. Conditions given in rather wide area such as evacuation directions are expressed by the potential model concept, and individual characteristics such as repulsion with other evacuees and attraction with members in the same group are considered by the discrete model. The model test is conducted in an actual bathing beach to confirm its performance. The model works for complicated behaviors of evacuees having different characteristics.