Gradient Matching for Domain Generalization

Machine learning systems typically assume that the distributions of training and test sets match closely. However, a critical requirement of such systems in the real world is their ability to generalize to unseen domains. Here, we propose an inter-domain gradient matching objective that targets domain generalization by maximizing the inner product between gradients from different domains. Since direct optimization of the gradient inner product can be computationally prohibitive – requires computation of second-order derivatives – we derive a simpler first-order algorithm named Fish that approximates its optimisation. We perform experiments on both the WILDS benchmark, which captures distribution shift in the real world, as well as datasets in DOMAINBED benchmark that focuses more on synthetic-to-real transfer. Our method produces competitive results on both benchmarks, demonstrating its effectiveness across a wide range of domain generalization tasks.