Prediction of outcome in internet‐delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for paediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder: A machine learning approach

There are no consistent predictors of treatment outcome in paediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). One reason for this might be the use of suboptimal statistical methodology. Machine learning is an approach to efficiently analyse complex data. Machine learning has been widely used within other fields, but has rarely been tested in the prediction of paediatric mental health treatment outcomes.

[1]  A. H. Roberts.  Predicting the Long-term Outcome , 1979 .

[2]  J. March,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. , 2004, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[3]  Christina L. Boisseau,et al.  Long-term course of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: 3 years of prospective follow-up. , 2014, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[4]  G. Andersson,et al.  D-Cycloserine vs Placebo as Adjunct to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Interaction With Antidepressants: A Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2015, JAMA psychiatry.

[5]  B. Zurowski,et al.  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Ocd) Is Still An Unrecognised Disorder: A Study On The Recognition Of Ocd In Psychiatric Outpatients , 2010, European Psychiatry.

[6]  S. Rachman,et al.  The preliminary development of a new self-report measure for OCD in young people. , 2003, Journal of adolescence.

[7]  Klaus-Robert Müller,et al.  Introduction to machine learning for brain imaging , 2011, NeuroImage.

[8]  N. Lindefors,et al.  Cognitive behavior therapy via the Internet: a systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost–effectiveness , 2012, Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research.

[9]  M. Dadds,et al.  Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: long-term follow-up and predictors of outcome. , 2005, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[10]  A. Gamma,et al.  Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course , 2004, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[11]  K. Jackson,et al.  Frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents. , 1994, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[12]  D. Mataix-Cols,et al.  Self-help with minimal therapist contact for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a review , 2006, European Psychiatry.

[13]  Danilo Bzdok,et al.  Machine learning: A primer , 2017 .

[14]  E. Walker,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 2013 .

[15]  Leo Breiman,et al.  Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author) , 2001, Statistical Science.

[16]  D. Rosenberg,et al.  Cognitive behavior therapy in treatment-naive children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. , 2002, Behaviour research and therapy.

[17]  H. Simpson,et al.  Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission, recovery and relapse in obsessive‐compulsive disorder , 2016, World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association.

[18]  G. Andersson,et al.  Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A pilot study , 2011, BMC psychiatry.

[19]  Sarah K. Polder.  A meta-analysis of cognitive behavior therapy. , 1986 .

[20]  Trevor Hastie,et al.  An Introduction to Statistical Learning , 2013, Springer Texts in Statistics.

[21]  Vinod Sharma,et al.  Predicting Methylphenidate Response in ADHD Using Machine Learning Approaches , 2015, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[22]  I. Heyman,et al.  Long-term outcomes of obsessive–compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents , 2010, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[23]  T. Ivarsson,et al.  Predictors associated with improved cognitive-behavioral therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2015, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[24]  M. Monuteaux,et al.  Machine Learning: A Primer for Child Psychiatrists. , 2016, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[25]  E. Storch,et al.  Predictors of treatment response to intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder , 2014, Psychiatry Research.

[26]  Scott L. Rauch,et al.  Obsessive–compulsive Disorder (ocd) , 2022 .

[27]  S. E. Stewart,et al.  Long‐term outcome of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta‐analysis and qualitative review of the literature , 2004, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[28]  Audra K. Langley,et al.  Family factors predict treatment outcome for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2012, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[29]  Wendy J. Mack,et al.  Statistical Learning for Biomedical Data , 2013 .

[30]  Christina L. Boisseau,et al.  Prediction of remission in obsessive compulsive disorder using a novel machine learning strategy , 2015, International journal of methods in psychiatric research.

[31]  Sarah Vigerland,et al.  Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2016, Clinical psychology review.

[32]  D. Veale,et al.  National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health , 2006 .

[33]  I. Marks,et al.  Reliability and validity of the work and social adjustment scale in phobic disorders. , 2005, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[34]  C. Rück,et al.  Therapist-Guided, Internet-Delivered Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. , 2017, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[35]  D. Geller,et al.  Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2012, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[36]  A. Finlay-Jones,et al.  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment : Preliminary Results of the “ OCD ? Not Me ! ” Self-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Young People , 2016 .

[37]  E. Foa,et al.  Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Treatment Study (POTS I). , 2010, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[38]  E. Storch,et al.  Symptom dimensions and cognitive‐behavioural therapy outcome for pediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder , 2007, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[39]  J. McCracken,et al.  Open trial of cognitive behavior therapy for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2002, Journal of anxiety disorders.

[40]  C. McDougle.  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). , 2005, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[41]  E. Struening,et al.  Helpseeking and access to mental health treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder , 2002, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[42]  Bethany M. Wootton,et al.  Remote treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial , 2013 .

[43]  S. Spence,et al.  A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. , 1998, Behaviour research and therapy.

[44]  G. Hanna,et al.  Group behavioral therapy for adolescents with tic‐related and non‐tic–related obsessive–compulsive disorder , 2003, Depression and anxiety.

[45]  Leo Breiman,et al.  Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures (with comments and a rejoinder by the author) , 2001 .

[46]  E. Foa,et al.  Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Family Accommodation Scale-Parent-Report (FAS-PR) , 2011, Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment.

[47]  A. Ghaderi,et al.  Evaluation of the Children’s Depression Inventory—Short Version (CDI–S) , 2017, Psychological assessment.

[48]  J. McCracken,et al.  Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2003, Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology.

[49]  Qing Zeng-Treitler,et al.  Predicting sample size required for classification performance , 2012, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.

[50]  I. Heyman,et al.  Structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. , 2008, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[51]  D. Bolton,et al.  Long-term course of obsessive-compulsive disorder treated in adolescence. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[52]  Ulrika Thulin,et al.  Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder , 2017 .

[53]  A F Marquand,et al.  Predicting long-term outcome of Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder using fMRI and support vector machine learning , 2015, Translational Psychiatry.

[54]  Yingdong Zhao,et al.  How Large a Training Set is Needed to Develop a Classifier for Microarray Data? , 2008, Clinical Cancer Research.

[55]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[56]  G. Andersson,et al.  Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial , 2012, Psychological Medicine.

[57]  E. Storch,et al.  A META‐ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND MEDICATION FOR CHILD OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE DISORDER: MODERATORS OF TREATMENT EFFICACY, RESPONSE, AND REMISSION , 2015, Depression and anxiety.

[58]  Stef van Buuren,et al.  MICE: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R , 2011 .

[59]  Michael Berk,et al.  The validity of the CGI severity and improvement scales as measures of clinical effectiveness suitable for routine clinical use. , 2008, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[60]  J. Popp,et al.  Sample size planning for classification models. , 2012, Analytica chimica acta.

[61]  Sarah Vigerland,et al.  “On My Own, but Not Alone” - Adolescents’ Experiences of Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , 2016, PloS one.

[62]  W. Goodman,et al.  Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[63]  M. Kovacs.  The Children's Depression, Inventory (CDI). , 1985, Psychopharmacology bulletin.