The regulation of distance to dummy flowers during hovering flight in the hawk moth Macroglossum stellatarum

Abstract1.While collecting nectar in hovering flight the European hawk moth Macroglossum stellatarum efficiently regulates its distance relative to flowers that are shaken by wind. This can be demonstrated in laboratory experiments by moving dummy flowers (blue cardboard disks) towards and away from the feeding animal (Fig. 1).2.Distance regulation is predominantly mediated by visual cues. Mechanoreceptors on the proboscis appear to contribute little to the response.3.Movements of dummy flowers can be simulated by expanding and contracting a pattern projected onto a screen. With this technique we investigated the dynamical properties of the servo mechanism underlying distance regulation. The system behaves as a bandpass filter with corner frequencies of 0.15 and 5 Hz (Figs.2,3).4.When a high-speed ramp-like movement of the flower is simulated, there is an asymmetry in the response. During simulated approach the reaction is phasic-tonic with a pronounced overshoot at the beginning, during simulated retraction it remains tonic (Fig.5B,C).5.During distance regulation the animals compensate for the speed of the edge of the projected pattern. Distance regulation improves substantially when the number of stimulated elementary movement detectors is increased through increasing the number of contour lines by projecting concentric rings instead of a homogeneous disk (Figs.7, 8).