A Systematic Review of Non-Contact Sensing for Developing a Platform to Contain COVID-19

The rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, and its resulting situation has garnered much effort to contain the virus through scientific research. The tragedy has not yet fully run its course, but it is already clear that the crisis is thoroughly global, and science is at the forefront in the fight against the virus. This includes medical professionals trying to cure the sick at risk to their own health; public health management tracking the virus and guardedly calling on such measures as social distancing to curb its spread; and researchers now engaged in the development of diagnostics, monitoring methods, treatments and vaccines. Recent advances in non-contact sensing to improve health care is the motivation of this study in order to contribute to the containment of the COVID-19 outbreak. The objective of this study is to articulate an innovative solution for early diagnosis of COVID-19 symptoms such as abnormal breathing rate, coughing and other vital health problems. To obtain an effective and feasible solution from existing platforms, this study identifies the existing methods used for human activity and health monitoring in a non-contact manner. This systematic review presents the data collection technology, data preprocessing, data preparation, features extraction, classification algorithms and performance achieved by the various non-contact sensing platforms. This study proposes a non-contact sensing platform for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 symptoms and monitoring of the human activities and health during the isolation or quarantine period. Finally, we highlight challenges in developing non-contact sensing platforms to effectively control the COVID-19 situation.

[1]  Tong Xin,et al.  FreeSense: Indoor Human Identification with Wi-Fi Signals , 2016, 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[2]  Jie Tian,et al.  Non-Contact Early Warning of Shaking Palsy , 2019, IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine.

[3]  Jie Yang,et al.  Posture Recognition to Prevent Bedsores for Multiple Patients Using Leaking Coaxial Cable , 2016, IEEE Access.

[4]  Wei Zhao,et al.  Monitoring of atopic dermatitis using leaky coaxial cable , 2017, Healthcare technology letters.

[5]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  An efficient monitoring of eclamptic seizures in wireless sensors networks , 2019, Comput. Electr. Eng..

[6]  Jawad Ahmad,et al.  Privacy-Preserving Non-Wearable Occupancy Monitoring System Exploiting Wi-Fi Imaging for Next-Generation Body Centric Communication , 2020, Micromachines.

[7]  Jianwei Liu,et al.  Adversary Helps: Gradient-based Device-Free Domain-Independent Gesture Recognition , 2020, ArXiv.

[8]  Alexander M. Wyglinski,et al.  Revolutionizing software defined radio: case studies in hardware, software, and education , 2016, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[9]  Linsong Cheng,et al.  Walls Have No Ears: A Non-Intrusive WiFi-Based User Identification System for Mobile Devices , 2019, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[10]  Soon Xin Ng,et al.  Demonstrating the practical challenges of wireless communications using USRP , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[11]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Freezing of Gait Detection Considering Leaky Wave Cable , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[12]  Fangming Hu,et al.  A Non-Contact Paraparesis Detection Technique Based on 1D-CNN , 2019, IEEE Access.

[13]  Wei Wang,et al.  Device-Free Human Activity Recognition Using Commercial WiFi Devices , 2017, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[14]  Zhonghao Liu,et al.  Wiar: A Public Dataset for Wifi-Based Activity Recognition , 2019, IEEE Access.

[15]  Yongsen Ma,et al.  WiFi Sensing with Channel State Information , 2019, ACM Comput. Surv..

[16]  Akram Alomainy,et al.  Diagnosis of the Hypopnea syndrome in the early stage , 2019, Neural Computing and Applications.

[17]  Xiaodong Yang,et al.  Activity Pattern Mining for Healthcare , 2020, IEEE Access.

[18]  Carol H. Yan,et al.  Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID‐19 in patients presenting with influenza‐like symptoms , 2020, International forum of allergy & rhinology.

[19]  Thomas F. Quatieri,et al.  A Framework for Biomarkers of COVID-19 Based on Coordination of Speech-Production Subsystems , 2020, IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

[20]  Neena Damodaran,et al.  Device free human activity and fall recognition using WiFi channel state information (CSI) , 2020, CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction.

[21]  Daqing Zhang,et al.  RT-Fall: A Real-Time and Contactless Fall Detection System with Commodity WiFi Devices , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[22]  M. Agha,et al.  Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic - Review article , 2020, International Journal of Surgery.

[23]  Daniyal Haider,et al.  Post-surgical fall detection by exploiting the 5 G C-Band technology for eHealth paradigm , 2019, Appl. Soft Comput..

[24]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Design of Software Defined Radios Based Platform for Activity Recognition , 2019, IEEE Access.

[25]  Jianchun Xing,et al.  Device-free occupant activity recognition in smart offices using intrinsic Wi-Fi components , 2020 .

[26]  Xin He,et al.  Wi-Motion: A Robust Human Activity Recognition Using WiFi Signals , 2018, IEEE Access.

[27]  Yinjing Guo,et al.  A Survey on CSI-Based Human Behavior Recognition in Through-the-Wall Scenario , 2019, IEEE Access.

[28]  Sung Hyun Kim,et al.  Human Activity Recognition and Prediction Based on Wi-Fi Channel State Information and Machine Learning , 2019, 2019 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC).

[29]  Xiang Li,et al.  Training-Free Human Vitality Monitoring Using Commodity Wi-Fi Devices , 2018, Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol..

[30]  Quan Z. Sheng,et al.  Different Approaches for Human Activity Recognition: A Survey , 2019, ArXiv.

[31]  S. Kremer,et al.  Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection , 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  Yunhao Liu,et al.  Enabling Contactless Detection of Moving Humans with Dynamic Speeds Using CSI , 2018, ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst..

[33]  Jiangchuan Liu,et al.  On Spatial Diversity in WiFi-Based Human Activity Recognition: A Deep Learning-Based Approach , 2019, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[34]  Panlong Yang,et al.  Wi-Run: Device-free step estimation system with commodity Wi-Fi , 2019, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[35]  Kaishun Wu,et al.  We Can Hear You with Wi-Fi! , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[36]  V. Gracco,et al.  Speech motor coordination and control: evidence from lip, jaw, and laryngeal movements , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[37]  Gengfa Fang,et al.  Human Activity Recognition Using Deep Learning Networks with Enhanced Channel State Information , 2018, 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[38]  Chao Wang,et al.  Literature Review on Wireless Sensing—Wi-Fi Signal-Based Recognition of Human Activities , 2018 .

[39]  Feng Hong,et al.  Human Activity Sensing with Wireless Signals: A Survey , 2020, Sensors.

[40]  Marina Ruggieri,et al.  WiFi-based through-the-wall presence detection of stationary and moving humans analyzing the doppler spectrum , 2018, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.

[41]  J. Sundberg,et al.  Relationship between changes in voice pitch and loudness , 1988 .

[42]  Lei Guan,et al.  Gait signals classification and comparison , 2019 .

[43]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Breathing Rhythm Analysis in Body Centric Networks , 2018, IEEE Access.

[44]  Fangmin Li,et al.  WiGeR: WiFi-Based Gesture Recognition System , 2016, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[45]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  A Comprehensive Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of IoT, Drones, AI, Blockchain, and 5G in Managing its Impact , 2020, IEEE Access.

[46]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Seizure episodes detection via smart medical sensing system , 2018, J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput..

[47]  Lei Guan,et al.  Posture-Specific Breathing Detection , 2018, Sensors.

[48]  Jie Li,et al.  SleepGuardian: An RF-Based Healthcare System Guarding Your Sleep from Afar , 2019, IEEE Network.

[49]  J. Gautier,et al.  A New Symptom of COVID‐19: Loss of Taste and Smell , 2020, Obesity.

[50]  Ilangko Balasingham,et al.  Applications of software-defined radio (SDR) technology in hospital environments , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[51]  Young-Joo Suh,et al.  Design and implementation of monitoring system for breathing and heart rate pattern using WiFi signals , 2018, 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC).

[52]  Thad B. Welch,et al.  Teaching software defined radio using the USRP and LabVIEW , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[53]  Shwetak N. Patel,et al.  Whole-home gesture recognition using wireless signals , 2013, MobiCom.

[54]  Chen Wang,et al.  Wireless Sensing for Human Activity: A Survey , 2020, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[55]  Jie Tian,et al.  Wandering Pattern Sensing at S-Band , 2018, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[56]  Wei Zhao,et al.  $S$ -Band Sensing-Based Motion Assessment Framework for Cerebellar Dysfunction Patients , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[57]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  An Intelligent Non-Invasive Real-Time Human Activity Recognition System for Next-Generation Healthcare , 2020, Sensors.

[58]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Respiration Symptoms Monitoring in Body Area Networks , 2018 .

[59]  Lei Guan,et al.  Monitoring of Huntington’s Disease Based on Wireless Sensing Technology , 2020, Applied Sciences.

[60]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Warning in the Approximate Ward Environment , 2018, Applied Sciences.

[61]  Zhaoyan Zhang,et al.  Respiratory Laryngeal Coordination in Airflow Conservation and Reduction of Respiratory Effort of Phonation. , 2016, Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.

[62]  Shiwen Mao,et al.  Resilient Respiration Rate Monitoring With Realtime Bimodal CSI Data , 2020, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[63]  Milad Heydariaan,et al.  Device-Free Activity Recognition Using Ultra-Wideband Radios , 2019, 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC).

[64]  Muhammad Bilal Khan,et al.  Design of a portable and multifunctional dependable wireless communication platform for smart health care , 2020 .

[65]  Ryan M. Gibson,et al.  WiFreeze: Multiresolution Scalograms for Freezing of Gait Detection in Parkinson’s Leveraging 5G Spectrum with Deep Learning , 2019, Electronics.

[66]  Kaishun Wu,et al.  WiFall: Device-free fall detection by wireless networks , 2017, IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications.

[67]  Bahri Cagliyan,et al.  Micro-Doppler-Based Human Activity Classification Using the Mote-Scale BumbleBee Radar , 2015, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[68]  Akira Fukuda,et al.  Danger-Pose Detection System Using Commodity Wi-Fi for Bathroom Monitoring , 2019, Sensors.

[69]  Syed Ali Hassan,et al.  Wireless health monitoring using passive WiFi sensing , 2017, 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).

[70]  Xinyu Li,et al.  A Survey of Deep Learning-Based Human Activity Recognition in Radar , 2019, Remote. Sens..

[71]  K. Gharaibeh,et al.  Effect of Wireless Channels on Detection and Classification of Asthma Attacks in Wireless Remote Health Monitoring Systems , 2014, International journal of telemedicine and applications.

[72]  Yunhao Liu,et al.  Smokey: Ubiquitous smoking detection with commercial WiFi infrastructures , 2016, IEEE INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[73]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Cognitive health care system and its application in pill‐rolling assessment , 2019, International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields.

[74]  Cyril Leung,et al.  WiHACS: Leveraging WiFi for human activity classification using OFDM subcarriers' correlation , 2017, 2017 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP).

[75]  Xu Chen,et al.  Monitoring Vital Signs and Postures During Sleep Using WiFi Signals , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[76]  Akram Alomainy,et al.  Monitoring of Patients Suffering From REM Sleep Behavior Disorder , 2018, IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology.

[77]  Yusheng Ji,et al.  RF-Sensing of Activities from Non-Cooperative Subjects in Device-Free Recognition Systems Using Ambient and Local Signals , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[78]  K. Shadan,et al.  Available online: , 2012 .

[79]  Stefan Poslad,et al.  Kitchen Activity Detection for Healthcare using a Low-Power Radar-Enabled Sensor Network , 2019, ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[80]  Bo Tan,et al.  Passive Radar for Opportunistic Monitoring in E-Health Applications , 2018, IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine.

[81]  Shangyue Zhu,et al.  Indoor Human Activity Recognition Based on Ambient Radar with Signal Processing and Machine Learning , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[82]  Xiaodong Yang,et al.  Cognitive Intelligence for Monitoring Fractured Post-Surgery Ankle Activity Using Channel Information , 2020, IEEE Access.

[83]  Chen Wang,et al.  WiEat: Fine-grained Device-free Eating Monitoring Leveraging Wi-Fi Signals , 2020, 2020 29th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN).

[84]  L. Mao,et al.  Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study , 2020, medRxiv.

[85]  Fadi Al-Turjman,et al.  Non-Contact Sensing Testbed for Post-Surgery Monitoring by Exploiting Artificial-Intelligence , 2020, Applied Sciences.

[86]  M. Cascella,et al.  Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19) , 2020 .

[87]  Syed Aziz Shah,et al.  Utilizing a 5G spectrum for health care to detect the tremors and breathing activity for multiple sclerosis , 2018, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol..

[88]  R. Agha,et al.  World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) , 2020, International Journal of Surgery.

[89]  Yang Hu,et al.  WiFi Vision: Sensing, Recognition, and Detection With Commodity MIMO-OFDM WiFi , 2020, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[90]  Daqing Zhang,et al.  A Survey on Wi-Fi Based Contactless Activity Recognition , 2016, 2016 Intl IEEE Conferences on Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced and Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing and Communications, Cloud and Big Data Computing, Internet of People, and Smart World Congress (UIC/ATC/ScalCom/CBDCom/IoP/SmartWorld).

[91]  World Health Organization,et al.  Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim guidance , 2020, Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna.