State of the art and future challenges of zeolites as catalysts

The control of pore diameter and topology of zeolites, as well as the nature of active sites and adsorption properties, allow in many cases the a priori design of catalysts for applications in the fields of oil refining, petrochemistry, and the production of chemicals and fine chemicals. The potentiality of nanocrystalline, delaminated, or ultralarge pore catalysts and of zeolites formed by channels with different dimensions is outlined.

[1]  W. Haag Catalysis by Zeolites – Science and Technology , 1994 .

[2]  A. Tarasov,et al.  Selective oxidation of aromatic compounds on zeolites using N2O as a mild oxidant: A new approach to design active sites , 2000 .

[3]  E. Webb,et al.  Intracrystalline Diffusion of Linear and Branched Alkanes in the Zeolites TON, EUO, and MFI , 1999 .

[4]  H. Frei,et al.  Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexane and O2 in a Zeolite under Visible Light with Complete Selectivity , 1996 .

[5]  M. Selva,et al.  Selective mono-N-methylation of primary aromatic amines by dimethylcarbonate over faujasite X- and Y-type zeolites , 1997 .

[6]  T. Tatsumi,et al.  Shape-selective oxidation of alkanes with H2O2 catalysed by titanosilicate , 1990 .

[7]  A. Corma,et al.  Zeolites for the Production of Fine Chemicals: Synthesis of the Fructone Fragrancy , 2000 .

[8]  F. Fajula,et al.  Role of cobalt molecular sieves in the liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid , 1998 .

[9]  S. M. Csicsery Shape-selective catalysis in zeolites , 1984 .

[10]  A. Corma,et al.  Ultra fast and efficient synthesis of Ti-ITQ-7 and positive catalytic implications , 2000 .

[11]  A. Corma,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of two different framework Ti(IV) species in Ti/Beta zeolites in contact with solvents , 2000 .

[12]  Christopher W. Jones,et al.  Organic-functionalized molecular sieves as shape-selective catalysts , 1998, Nature.

[13]  I. H. Hillier,et al.  CHEMICAL REACTIVITY STUDIED BY HYBRID QM/MM METHODS , 1999 .

[14]  T. Baba,et al.  Variable Temperature 1H MAS NMR: A Powerful Tool for the Investigation of Dynamic Properties of Acidic Protons in Zeolites and Heteropoly Compounds , 1999 .

[15]  A. Corma,et al.  Al-ITQ-7, a Shape-Selective Zeolite for Acylation of 2-Methoxynaphthalene , 2001 .

[16]  G. Thiele,et al.  Propylene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide and titanium silicalite catalyst: Activity, deactivation and regeneration of the catalyst , 1997 .

[17]  Edward Rode,et al.  Aldol condensation of butanal over alkali metal zeolites , 1991 .

[18]  S. M. Csicsery The reactions of 1-methyl-2-ethylbenzene: I. Exploring the structure of intracrystalline void space and the catalytic properties of molecular sieves and other catalysts , 1987 .

[19]  A. Corma,et al.  Alkaline-substituted sepiolites as a new type of strong base catalyst , 1991 .

[20]  D. Vos,et al.  Cation effects in the oxidation of adsorbed cyclohexane in Y zeolite: an in situ IR study* , 1997 .

[21]  A. V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Studies on crystalline microporous vanadium silicates. II: FTIR, NMR, and ESR spectroscopy and catalytic oxidation of alkylaromatics over VS-2 , 1993 .

[22]  P. B. Venuto Structure-reactivity-selectivity relationships in reaction of organics over zeolite catalysts , 1997 .

[23]  P. Jacobs,et al.  Selective key-lock catalysis in dimethylbranching of alkanes on ton type zeolites , 1997 .

[24]  P. Maher,et al.  Prediction of cracking catalyst behavior by a zeolite unit cell size model , 1984 .

[25]  J. Moulijn,et al.  Direct Epoxidation of Propene Using Gold Dispersed on TS-1 and Other Titanium-Containing Supports , 1999 .

[26]  J. B. Higgins,et al.  VPI-7: The First Zincosilicate Molecular Sieve Containing Three-membered T-Atom Rings , 1991 .

[27]  I. H. Öğüş,et al.  NATO ASI Series , 1997 .

[28]  F. Figueras,et al.  Terminal and bridging methoxyls on zeolites detected by 13C magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy , 1999 .

[29]  T. Tatsumi,et al.  Epoxidation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds over Various Titanosilicates , 2002 .

[30]  A. Corma,et al.  Solvent Effects during the Oxidation of Olefins and Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide on Ti-Beta Catalyst: The Influence of the Hydrophilicity–Hydrophobicity of the Zeolite , 1996 .

[31]  Mark E. Davis Ordered porous materials for emerging applications , 2002, Nature.

[32]  Alain Tuel,et al.  Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of the new TiZSM-12 zeolite , 1995 .

[33]  A. Corma,et al.  Application of solid base catalysts in the preparation of prepolymers by condensation of ketones and malononitrile , 1993 .

[34]  E. Derouane Shape selectivity in catalysis by zeolites: The nest effect , 1986 .

[35]  R. Gorte,et al.  Methods for Characterizing Zeolite Acidity , 1995 .

[36]  P. Jacobs,et al.  Tailor‐made Structuring of Zeolite Matter , 2001 .

[37]  R. Gorte What do we know about the acidity of solid acids? , 1999 .

[38]  S. M. Csicsery The cause of shape selectivity of transalkylation in mordenite , 1971 .

[39]  W. Mortier,et al.  Theoretical investigations on the interaction of benzene with faujasite , 1992 .

[40]  A. Tuel,et al.  Oxidation of aniline over TS-1, the titanium substituted silicalite-1 , 1994 .

[41]  D. Brunel,et al.  Characterization of basicity in alkaline cesium-exchanged X zeolites post-synthetically modified by impregnation: A TPD study using carbon dioxide as a probe molecule , 1993 .

[42]  A. Corma,et al.  Selective and shape-selective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of aromatic aldehydes and cyclic ketones with Sn-beta zeolites and H2O2. , 2002, Chemistry.

[43]  J. K. Thomas,et al.  Time-resolved diffuse reflectance of electron trapping by alkali-metal cation clusters in zeolites and clays following far-UV Excitation , 1995 .

[44]  A. Corma,et al.  Delaminated zeolite precursors as selective acidic catalysts , 1998, Nature.

[45]  A. Corma,et al.  Zeolites as base catalysts: Condensation of aldehydes with derivatives of malonic esters , 1990 .

[46]  M. Czjzek,et al.  Direct determination of proton positions in D-Y and H-Y zeolite samples by neutron powder diffraction , 1992 .

[47]  S. M. Csicsery Selective disproportionation of alkylbenzenes over mordenite molecular sieve catalyst , 1970 .

[48]  H. Frei,et al.  Time-Resolved FT-Infrared Spectroscopy of Visible Light-Induced Alkene Oxidation by O2 in a Zeolite , 1998 .

[49]  Avelino Corma,et al.  Synthesis of a titaniumsilicoaluminate isomorphous to zeolite beta and its application as a catalyst for the selective oxidation of large organic molecules , 1992 .

[50]  M. Ribeiro,et al.  Influence of platinum on the transformation of an ethylbenzene-o-xylene mixture on H-ZSM-5 , 1995 .

[51]  Yu‐Wen Chen,et al.  Shape-selective alkylation of naphthalene with isopropanol over large pore zeolites , 1995 .

[52]  P. Massiani,et al.  Alkylation of aniline with methanol of Beta and EMT zeolites exchanged with alkaline cations , 1994 .

[53]  Rajiv Kumar,et al.  Titanium silicalite-2: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties , 1990 .

[54]  S. Ernst,et al.  The modified hydrophobicity index as a novel method for characterizing the surface properties of titanium silicalites , 1997 .

[55]  Mark E. Davis Evolution of extra-large pore materials , 2001 .

[56]  G. Hutchings,et al.  Epoxidation of allyl alcohol to glycidol using titanium silicalite TS-1: effect of the reaction conditions and catalyst acidity , 1996 .

[57]  A. Corma,et al.  Diastereoselective Catalytic Epoxidation of Chiral Allylic Alcohols by the TS-1 and Ti-β Zeolites: Evidence for a Hydrogen-Bonded, Peroxy-Type Loaded Complex as Oxidizing Species , 1997 .

[58]  M. Sasidharan,et al.  Catalytic oxidation of ethers with H2O2 over zeolites , 1995 .

[59]  A. V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Selective catalytic oxidation of aniline to azoxybenzene over titanium silicate molecular sieves , 1995 .

[60]  Joachim Sauer,et al.  Combining quantum mechanics and interatomic potential functions in ab initio studies of extended systems , 2000 .

[61]  H. V. Bekkum,et al.  Vanadium site in VAPO-5: Characterization and catalytic properties in liquid-phase alkene epoxidation and benzylic oxidation , 1993 .

[62]  A. Corma,et al.  Active sites for the liquid-phase beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone, acetophenone and cyclododecanone oximes, catalyzed by beta zeolites , 1998 .

[63]  R. M. Barrer,et al.  Occlusion of hydrocarbons by chabazite and analcite , 1944 .

[64]  A. Corma,et al.  Zeolites as base catalysts: Condensation of benzaldehyde derivatives with activated methylenic compounds on Germanium-substituted faujasite , 1990 .

[65]  Y. Ono,et al.  Catalytic properties of low-valent lanthanide species introduced into Y-zeolite , 1992 .

[66]  G. T. Kerr,et al.  Reaction of hydrogen zeolite Y with ammonia at elevated temperatures , 1968 .

[67]  R. Lobo,et al.  A high-silica zeolite with a 14-tetrahedral-atom pore opening , 1996, Nature.

[68]  V. Hooff,et al.  VAPO as catalyst for liquid phase oxidation reactions. Part II: stability of VAPO-5 during catalytic operation , 1997 .

[69]  Jean-Claude Lavalley,et al.  Infrared spectrometric studies of the surface basicity of metal oxides and zeolites using adsorbed probe molecules , 1996 .

[70]  J. Weitkamp,et al.  Zeolites and catalysis , 2000 .

[71]  W. Mortier Electronegativity Equalization and Solid State Chemistry of Zeolites , 1988 .

[72]  W. Haag,et al.  Catalysis by crystalline aluminosilicates: Characterization of intermediate pore-size zeolites by the “Constraint Index” , 1981 .

[73]  R. Sheldon,et al.  The Stability of Chromium in CrAPO-5, CrAPO-11, and CrS-1 during Liquid Phase Oxidations☆ , 1998 .

[74]  J. Weitkamp,et al.  Base catalysis on microporous and mesoporous materials: recent progress and perspectives , 2001 .

[75]  W. Hölderich,et al.  Catalytically Active Sites for the Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime to ε-Caprolactam , 1999 .

[76]  J. V. D. Waal,et al.  Zeolite titanium beta: a selective and water resistant catalyst in Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley-Oppenauer reactions , 1996 .

[77]  Qisheng Huo,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of a novel extra large ring of aluminophosphate JDF-20 , 1992 .

[78]  J. Lercher,et al.  ALKYLATION OF TOLUENE WITH METHANOL OVER ALKALI EXCHANGED ZSM-5 , 1991 .

[79]  A. Corma,et al.  Sn-zeolite beta as a heterogeneous chemoselective catalyst for Baeyer–Villiger oxidations , 2001, Nature.

[80]  Avelino Corma,et al.  Inorganic Solid Acids and Their Use in Acid-Catalyzed Hydrocarbon Reactions , 1995 .

[81]  G. Kramer,et al.  Reactivity Theory of Zeolitic Broensted Acidic Sites , 1995 .

[82]  A. Corma,et al.  Large pore bifunctional titanium–aluminosilicates: the inorganic non-enzymatic version of the epoxidase conversion of linalool to cyclic ethers , 1995 .

[83]  H. Knözinger,et al.  IR spectroscopy of small and weakly interacting molecular probes for acidic and basic zeolites , 1998 .

[84]  A. E. Palomares,et al.  Alkylation of Toluene over Basic Catalysts—Key Requirements for Side Chain Alkylation , 1998 .

[85]  Viktor Gutmann,et al.  The Donor-Acceptor Approach to Molecular Interactions , 1978 .

[86]  H. Frei,et al.  Very strong stabilization of alkene.cntdot.O2 charge-transfer state in zeolite NaY: red-light-induced photooxidation of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene , 1993 .

[87]  M. Clerici,et al.  Oxidation reactions with in situ generated oxidants , 1998 .

[88]  A. E. Palomares,et al.  Selective alkylation of toluene over basic zeolites: an in situ infrared spectroscopic investigation , 1997 .

[89]  A. Corma,et al.  Acid–Base Bifunctional Catalysts for the Preparation of Fine Chemicals: Synthesis of Jasminaldehyde , 2001 .

[90]  J. Lercher,et al.  In Situ IR spectroscopic study of the surface species during methylation of toluene over HZSM-5 , 1991 .

[91]  W. Mortier Zeolite Electronegativity Related to Physicochemical Properties , 1978 .

[92]  Joachim Sauer,et al.  Molecular models in ab initio studies of solids and surfaces: from ionic crystals and semiconductors to catalysts , 1989 .

[93]  L. McCusker,et al.  A synthetic gallophosphate molecular sieve with a 20-tetrahedral-atom pore opening , 1991, Nature.

[94]  Jacques Bousquet,et al.  Mild Oxidation with H2O2 over Ti-Containing Molecular Sieves—A very Efficient Method for Removing Aromatic Sulfur Compounds from Fuels , 2001 .

[95]  G. Vayssilov Structural and Physicochemical Features of Titanium Silicalites , 1997 .

[96]  M. Palanichamy,et al.  Vapor phase alkylation of aniline using ethanol over alkali and alkaline-earth exchanged zeolites-Y , 1996 .

[97]  B. Smit,et al.  The Shape Selectivity of Paraffin Hydroconversion on TON-, MTT-, and AEL-Type Sieves , 1999 .

[98]  J. Čejka,et al.  Multinuclear MQMAS NMR Study of NH4/Na-Ferrierites , 1998 .

[99]  E. Derouane The energetics of sorption by molecular sieves: Surface curvature effects , 1987 .

[100]  R. A. Santen,et al.  THEORETICAL STUDY OF REACTIONS CATALYZED BY ACIDIC ZEOLITE. , 2002 .

[101]  G. Hutchings,et al.  Oxidation of crotyl alcohol using Ti-β and Ti-MCM-41 catalysts , 2001 .

[102]  A. Corma,et al.  On the Mechanism of Alkane Isomerisation (Isodewaxing) with Unidirectional 10-Member Ring Zeolites. A Molecular Dynamics and Catalytic Study , 2000 .

[103]  T. Yashima,et al.  Hydroxylation of Aromatics with Hydrogen Peroxide over Titanosilicates with MOR and MFI Structures: Effect of Ti Peroxo Species on the Diffusion and Hydroxylation Activity , 1998 .

[104]  A. Corma,et al.  Acid zeolites as catalysts in organic reactions. Chemoselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene and toluene with cinnamyl alcohol , 1995 .

[105]  D. Vos,et al.  COBALT-CONTAINING MOLECULAR-SIEVES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE LOW CONVERSION AUTOXIDATION OF PURE CYCLOHEXANE , 1995 .

[106]  R. Sheldon,et al.  Chromium-substituted aluminophosphate-5: a recyclable catalyst for the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols , 1993 .

[107]  Hiroshi Sato,et al.  The development of new heterogeneous catalytic processes for the production of ε-caprolactam , 2001 .

[108]  D. Barthomeuf Zeolite acidity dependence on structure and chemical environment: correlations with catalysis , 1987 .

[109]  W. Hoelderich,et al.  ‘One-pot’ reactions: a contribution to environmental protection , 2000 .

[110]  Y. Han,et al.  Mesoporous aluminosilicates with ordered hexagonal structure, strong acidity, and extraordinary hydrothermal stability at high temperatures. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[111]  A. Auroux Microcalorimetry Methods to Study the Acidity and Reactivity of Zeolites, Pillared Clays and Mesoporous Materials , 2002 .

[112]  D. Barthomeuf,et al.  Basic zeolites : Characterization and uses in adsorption and catalysis , 1996 .

[113]  R. Bell,et al.  Molecular sieve catalysts for the regioselective and shape- selective oxyfunctionalization of alkanes in air. , 2001, Accounts of chemical research.

[114]  T. Blasco,et al.  Pyrrole as an NMR probe molecule to characterise zeolite basicity , 2000 .

[115]  J. V. D. Waal,et al.  Synthesis of aluminium free titanium silicate with the BEA structure using a new and selective template and its use as a catalyst in epoxidations , 1997 .

[116]  Eric G. Derouane,et al.  Surface curvature effects in physisorption and catalysis by microporous solids and molecular sieves , 1988 .

[117]  H. Hattori Heterogeneous Basic Catalysis , 1995 .

[118]  P. A. Jacobs,et al.  Sodium Clusters in Zeolites as Active Sites for Carbanion Catalyzed Reactions , 1986 .

[119]  N. Chen,et al.  Some catalytic properties of ZSM-5, a new shape-selective zeolite , 1978 .

[120]  Mark E. Davis,et al.  Base catalysis by alkali-modified zeolites: I. Catalytic activity , 1989 .

[121]  John Aurie Dean,et al.  Lange's Handbook of Chemistry , 1978 .

[122]  A. Corma,et al.  Ethylbenzene hydroisomerization over bifunctional zeolite based catalysts: The influence of framework and extraframework composition and zeolite structure , 1998 .

[123]  T. Blasco,et al.  Investigation on the nature of the adsorption sites of pyrrole in alkali-exchanged zeolite y by nuclear magnetic resonance in combination with infrared spectroscopy. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[124]  Mechanisms of xylene isomerization over acidic solid catalysts , 2000 .

[125]  R. Jones,et al.  Synthesis and structure of a layered titanosilicate catalyst with five-coordinate titanium , 1996, Nature.

[126]  A. Corma,et al.  Beta Zeolite as a Catalyst for the Preparation of Alkyl Glucoside Surfactants: The Role of Crystal Size and Hydrophobicity , 1997 .

[127]  H. Ogawa,et al.  Catalysis at the Toluene/Water Interface: Octadecyl Immobilized H-ZSM-5 Catalyst Promoted Hydrolysis of Water-Insoluble Esters , 1994 .

[128]  Mark E. Davis,et al.  Characterization of the extra-large-pore zeolite UTD-1 , 1997 .

[129]  M. Bénard,et al.  Construction of the two-electron interaction matrix fron a P supermatrix file: An improved algorithm , 1982, Comput. Chem..

[130]  A. E. Palomares,et al.  Naphthalene Included within All-Silica Zeolites: Influence of the Host on the Naphthalene Photophysics , 2001 .

[131]  R. Kumar,et al.  Sulfoxidation of thioethers using titanium silicate molecular sieve catalysts , 1992 .

[132]  G. Hutchings,et al.  Epoxidation of allyl alcohol to glycidol using titanium silicalite TS-1: effect of the method of preparation , 1995 .

[133]  Christopher W. Jones,et al.  Acylation of 2-Methoxynaphthalene and Isobutylbenzene over Zeolite Beta , 2000 .

[134]  S. J. Miller New molecular sieve process for lube dewaxing by wax isomerization , 1994 .

[135]  A. Corma,et al.  Observation of a 390-nm Emission Band Associated with Framework Ti in Mesoporous Titanosilicates , 2000 .

[136]  Mark E. Davis,et al.  Heteroepitaxial Growth of a Zeolite , 2001 .

[137]  J. Sauer Ab Initio Studies on Zeolites and Related Catalysts , 1992 .

[138]  G. Martra,et al.  Characterisation of zeolitic catalysts by the adsorption of molecular probes , 2000 .

[139]  A. V. Ramaswamy,et al.  Synthesis and catalytic properties of large-pore Sn-β and Al-free Sn-β molecular sieves , 1997 .

[140]  F. Rey,et al.  An NMR study on the adsorption and reactivity of chloroform over alkali exchanged zeolites X and Y , 1999 .

[141]  A. Corma,et al.  Al-free Sn-Beta zeolite as a catalyst for the selective reduction of carbonyl compounds (Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction). , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[142]  J. Weitkamp,et al.  Hydrophobic properties of all-silica zeolite beta , 1998 .

[143]  J. Fraissard,et al.  Comparison of amorphous silica-alumina and highly dealuminated HY zeolite by1H high resolution MAS-NMR of solids , 1991 .

[144]  V. Bosacek,et al.  Some Properties of Surface Methoxy Groups and of Adsorbed Methyl Iodide on Zeolites Studied by 13C NMR , 1995 .

[145]  M. Stockenhuber,et al.  2.6 Elementary Steps of Acid-Base Catalyzed Reactions in Molecular Sieves: Elementary Steps of Acid-Base Catalyzed Reactions in Molecular Sieves , 1994 .

[146]  A. Bhaumik,et al.  Sn-ZSM-12, a new, large pore MTW type tin-silicate molecular sieve: synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties in oxidation reactions , 1995 .

[147]  B. Su,et al.  Alkylation of aniline with methanol: change in selectivity with acido-basicity of faujasite catalysts , 1995 .

[148]  C. Plank,et al.  Acidic Crystalline Aluminosilicates. New Superactive, Superselective Cracking Catalysts , 1964 .