论文信息 - The earth as a system

The earth as a system

The planet Earth is a mixed living and nonliving system. It is the suprasystem of all supranational systems as well as the total ecological system, with all its living and nonliving components. The Earth is studied in this article in terms of a general theory of all concrete systems, with special attention to the important subset of living systems. The Earth is an open system, interacting with its atmosphere and with matter and energy in space. Its systemwide processes and the processes of its various components, as well as their variables and indicators, are discussed. In the light of known facts about the Earth as a system, consideration is given to future worldwide problems which must be dealt with by human planners and statesmen.

James Grier Miller | Jessie L. Miller | J. Miller | Jessie L. Miller

[1] J. C. Maxwell,et al. Geodynamics--where are we and what lies ahead? , 1981, Science.

[2] Wassily Leontief,et al. The future of the world economy , 1977 .

[3] W. Fyfe. The environmental crisis: quantifying geosphere interactions. , 1981, Science.

[4] D. Stevenson,et al. Models of the Earth's Core , 1981, Science.

[5] R. Williams. The Shells of Novas , 1981 .

[6] N. Georgescu-Roegen. The Entropy Law and the Economic Process , 1973 .

[7] Roy Wood Sellars,et al. The science of culture , 1949 .

[8] H. Morowitz,et al. Energy Flow in Biology , 1969 .

[9] Karl P. Schmidt,et al. Principles of Animal Ecology , 1950 .

[10] J. Hansen,et al. Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide , 1981, Science.

[11] R. Gardner,et al. Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. , 1969, Science.