Demonstration of alternative feeds for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters of west Alabama

AbstractThe replacement of marine proteins with vegetableproteins orterrestrialanimalbyproductsinaquacul-ture diets has been gaining momentum. This studyexamines the viability of replacing ¢sh meal inshrimp production diets with alternative proteinsources (combinations of vegetable proteins) in in-land low salinity waters of west Alabama. The testdiets were formulated to contain 36% protein and8% lipid.Thebasaldietcontained10% ¢sh meal.The¢sh meal was then replaced (on a weight to weightbasis) with poultry meal (PM), pea meal or distiller’sdried grain with solubles (DDGS). Two separate ex-periments (laboratory trial and farm trial) were de-vised to test the e⁄cacy of the diets for Litopenaeusvannamei reared in low salinity waters. The labora-tory trial was conducted at the E.W. Shell FisheriesResearchStationinAuburn,Alabama,USA,whereasthefarmtrialexaminedthesamedietsinanoutdoor£ow-throughsystematalowsalinityshrimpfarm inwest Alabama. Results indicate no signi¢cant diier-encesinshrimpgrowth,weightgain,survivalorfeedconversion ratio among dietary treatments, suggest-ing that PM, pea meal and DDGS can serve as alter-natives to ¢sh meal as a protein source for shrimpreared in lowsalinityenvironments.Keywords: poultry meal, distiller’s dried grainwithsolubles,peameal,lowsalinity,¢shmeal,Lito-penaeusvannameiIntroductionFarmers of the Paci¢c white shrimp Litopenaeus van-nameiin inland lowsalinity wellwaters (LSWW) arefaced with the challenge of rearing animals in lessthan ideal environments (Saoud, Davis & Rouse2003; Roy, Davis, Saoud & Henry 2007a,b). Depend-ingontheirsource,inlandLSWWavailabletocultureshrimp can be of varied ionic composition and sali-nity (Boyd & Thunjai 2003; Saoud et al. 2003). Ionicimbalances, which are often found in LSWW, cangenerallybe solvedthroughadditionsof speci¢c ions(e.g. K and Mg) to culture water (McGraw & Scarpa2003; Roy etal.2007a).CommercialfarmersutilizinginlandLSWWare mitigating theproblemby increas-ing levels of Kand Mg in their pond waters throughthe addition of muriate of potash and/or KMag(McNevin, Boyd, Silapajarn & Silapajarn 2004). Un-fortunately,addinglargeamountsofagriculturalfer-tilizers to ponds is an additional expense to inlandfarmers. Increased production costs, competitionfromforeignmarketsandtheincreasingcostofdieselfuelareadditional burdens onfarmers.The cost of feed generallyaccounts for 50^60% oftotal production costs and, thus, west Alabamashrimpfarmers are interested in reducing feed costs.One strategy to reduce feed costs is by reduction in¢sh meal with alternative plant and animal proteinsources.Fishmealis consideredamongthemostsui-table protein sources for shrimp feeds. In spite of itsimportance, a considerable reduction in the use of¢sh meal is expected in the near future. Among thechief concerns include limited availability, variablesupply and cost. Given the growing demand by ani-mal production industries for ¢sh meal and its lim-ited supply, prices are likely to continue to increase,therefore, restraining future use as the main proteinsource in shrimp feeds. Likewise, emerging environ-mental and safety issues associated with the use of

[1]  D. Davis,et al.  Replacement of Poultry By-product Meal in Production Diets for the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , 2010 .

[2]  L. Colvin,et al.  THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF PENAEID SHRIMP AT VARIOUS LIFE‐CYCLE STAGES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS , 2009 .

[3]  Luke A. Roy,et al.  Supplementation of potassium, magnesium and sodium chloride in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters , 2007 .

[4]  C. Schulz,et al.  Evaluation of pea protein isolate as alternative protein source in diets for juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) , 2007 .

[5]  Luke A. Roy,et al.  Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival, growth, and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared in low salinity waters , 2007 .

[6]  D. Davis,et al.  Alternative diets for the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei , 2007 .

[7]  D. Davis,et al.  Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions , 2007 .

[8]  Luke A. Roy,et al.  Effects of lecithin and cholesterol supplementation to practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity waters , 2006 .

[9]  M. Drew,et al.  Effect of replacing fishmeal and oil with simple or complex mixtures of vegetable ingredients in diets fed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) , 2006 .

[10]  Claude E. Boyd,et al.  Effects of potassium, magnesium and age on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae reared in inland low salinity well waters in West Alabama , 2007 .

[11]  Aaron A. McNevin,et al.  Ionic Supplementation of Pond Waters for Inland Culture of Marine Shrimp , 2004 .

[12]  R. Hardy,et al.  Nutritional Value of Diets Containing Distiller's Dried Grain with Solubles for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , 2004 .

[13]  Tzachi M. Samocha,et al.  Substitution of fish meal by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , 2004 .

[14]  T. Samocha,et al.  Practical diets for Litopenaeus Vannamei (Boone, 1931): working towards organic and/or all plant production diets. , 2004 .

[15]  C. Boyd,et al.  Concentrations of Major Ions in Waters of Inland Shrimp Farms in China, Ecuador, Thailand, and the United States , 2003 .

[16]  M. Bautista-Teruel,et al.  Utilization of feed pea, Pisum sativum, meal as a protein source in practical diets for juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon , 2003 .

[17]  D. Davis,et al.  Suitability studies of inland well waters for Litopenaeus vannamei culture , 2003 .

[18]  D. Davis,et al.  Nutritional value of feed peas (Pisum sativum) in practical diet formulations for Litopenaeus vannamei , 2002 .

[19]  M. Tapia-Salazar,et al.  Assessment of differently processed feed pea (Pisum sativum) meals and canola meal (Brassica sp.) in diets for blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) , 2001 .

[20]  D. Davis,et al.  Replacement of fish meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , 2000 .

[21]  Y. Wu,et al.  Effect of diets containing various levels of protein and ethanol coproducts from corn on growth of tilapia fry. , 1996 .

[22]  P. Johnsen,et al.  Growth, Body Composition, and Organoleptic Evaluation of Channel Catfish Fed Diets Containing Different Percentages of Distillers' Grains with Solubles , 1993 .

[23]  C. Webster,et al.  Winter Feeding and Growth of Channel Catfish Fed Diets Containing Varying Percentages of Distillers Grains with Solubles as a Total Replacement of Fish Meal , 1993 .

[24]  C. Webster,et al.  Use of soybean meal and distillers grains with solubles as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , 1992 .

[25]  C. Webster,et al.  Evaluation of distillers' grains with solubles as a protein source in diets for channel catfish , 1991 .

[26]  E. M. Cruz,et al.  Supplemental feeding of Penaeus monodon juveniles with diets containing various levels of defatted soybean meal. , 1990 .

[27]  C. Lim,et al.  Evaluation of Soybean Meal as a Replacement for Marine Animal Protein in Diets for Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) , 1990 .

[28]  James H. Torrie,et al.  Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach (2nd ed) , 1980 .

[29]  L. Solórzano DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN NATURAL WATERS BY THE PHENOLHYPOCHLORITE METHOD 1 1 This research was fully supported by U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. ATS (11‐1) GEN 10, P.A. 20. , 1969 .