Method for Simultaneous Epicardial and Endocardial Mapping of In Vivo Canine Heart: Application to Atrial Conduction Properties and Arrhythmia Mechanisms

Endocardial/Epicardial Mapping of AF. Introduction: It has been suggested that the three‐dimensional structure of the atria may be crucial in arrhythmogenesis; however, previous in vivo atrial activation mapping studies have been limited to either endocardial or epicardial approaches.

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