Cross layer design for mobile Ad-Hoc Unmanned Aerial Vehicle communication networks

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a popular type of wireless network that is formed by a collection of mobile nodes. Each node in such network has the capability to communicate with its neighbors and non-neighbors through a wireless medium without using any existing network infrastructure. Due to the lack of infrastructure, all nodes in Ad-Hoc network are designed to act as an end system and a router for other nodes. Traditionally, the dominant design methodology for the network protocols is based on an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This methodology divided the stack into seven layers where each layer operates independently. Due to the dynamics of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Ad-Hoc network, the layered architecture is not flexible enough to achieve certain quality of services (QoS) required by some applications. To overcome the limitations of the layering technique, cross-layering approach is used in this paper so to adjust some key parameters in the first three layers based on the aircraft attitude variations (pitch, roll and yaw), hence we can enhance the performance of such networks. To that respect, directional antenna is going to be used by the UAVs to extend the coverage area and reduce the number of hops. Meanwhile, we designed a new Medium Access Control (MAC) scheme that adapts its parameters based on the channel bit error rate which is indeed affected by the new antenna system and aircraft attitude. we called this scheme Intelligent Medium Access Control Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (IMAC UAV). As for the routing protocol, We developed the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) so that the decision for selecting the route will be based on a local profile that holds the gathered information from the first three layers. Our new scheme is called Directional Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR). We proved by OPNET simulator that our proposed techniques gave better end-to-end delay than the IEEE802.11 standard.

[1]  Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy,et al.  An Integrated Neighbor Discovery and MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas , 2007, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[2]  J. Redi,et al.  Coordinated flocking of UAVs for improved connectivity of mobile ground nodes , 2004, IEEE MILCOM 2004. Military Communications Conference, 2004..

[3]  Izhak Rubin,et al.  Placement of UAVs as Communication Relays Aiding Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 2007, MILCOM 2007 - IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[4]  B. Radunovic.  A cross-layer design of wireless ad-hoc networks , 2005 .

[5]  Osama Farrag,et al.  Wireless Network Communications Architecture for Swarms of Small UAVs , 2004 .

[6]  Eric W. Frew,et al.  Phase Transitions for Controlled Mobility in Wireless Ad hoc Networks , 2006 .

[7]  Samir Ranjan Das,et al.  Simulation‐based performance evaluation of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks , 2000, Mob. Networks Appl..

[8]  Jun Yang,et al.  MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc network with smart antennas , 2003 .

[9]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  A cautionary perspective on cross-layer design , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[10]  Voon Chin Phua,et al.  Wireless lan medium access control (mac) and physical layer (phy) specifications , 1999 .

[11]  Thomas Kunz,et al.  Quality of service routing in ad-hoc networks using OLSR , 2003, 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the.

[12]  Zygmunt J. Haas,et al.  The performance of query control schemes for the zone routing protocol , 2001, TNET.

[13]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  LANMAR: landmark routing for large scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility , 1988, MobiHoc.

[14]  Todd R. Andel,et al.  Evaluation of an OPNET model for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks , 2009, SpringSim '09.

[15]  Robert E. Hiromoto,et al.  On-demand routing using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings Ninth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (Cat.No.00EX440).

[16]  Kang Yen,et al.  Performance Improvement using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks , 2006 .

[17]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Impact of Directional Antennas on Ad Hoc Routing , 2003, PWC.

[18]  Evan D. Andersen.  A Surveillance System to Create and Distribute Geo-Referenced Mosaics Using SUAV Video , 2008 .

[19]  Himabindu Pucha,et al.  The performance impact of traffic patterns on routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[20]  Brandon Tyler Jones,et al.  An Evaluation of a Low-Cost UAV Approach to Noxious Weed Mapping , 2007 .

[21]  David Grace,et al.  UAVs and HAPs-potential convergence for military communications , 2000 .

[22]  S. Shanmugavel,et al.  A Power Conservative Cross Layer Design for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks , 2005 .

[23]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Cross-layer design for wireless networks , 2003, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[24]  Rahul Mahajan.  Cross-Layer Optimization: System Design and Simulation Methodologies , 2006 .

[25]  Ram Ramanathan,et al.  Making link-state routing scale for ad hoc networks , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[26]  Brian R. Geiger,et al.  Intelligent Unmanned Aire Vehicle Flight Systems , 2005 .

[27]  Per Gunningberg,et al.  A Comprehensive Comparison of MANET Routing Protocols in Simulation , Emulation and the Real World , 2006 .

[28]  Silvia Giordano,et al.  Modelling cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks: a formal description of selfishness , 2003 .

[29]  Sridhar Iyer,et al.  Cross-layer design optimizations in wireless protocol stacks , 2004, Comput. Commun..

[30]  Klara Nahrstedt,et al.  Cross-Layer Design for Data Accessibility in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[31]  Marco Conti,et al.  Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design , 2004, Computer.

[32]  Leandros Tassiulas,et al.  A framework for cross-layer design of energy-efficient communication with QoS provisioning in multi-hop wireless networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[33]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Using directional antennas for medium access control in ad hoc networks , 2002, MobiCom '02.

[34]  Shafiullah Khan,et al.  Cross Layer Design for Routing and Security in Multi-hop Wireless Networks , 2009 .

[35]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  LANMAR: landmark routing for large scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility , 2000, 2000 First Annual Workshop on Mobile and Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. MobiHOC (Cat. No.00EX444).

[36]  S. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  An adaptive MAC and idrectional routing protocol for ad hoc wireless network using ESPAR antenna , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[37]  Brian R. Geiger,et al.  Intelligent Unmanned Air Vehicle Flight Systems , 2007, J. Aerosp. Comput. Inf. Commun..

[38]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Deafness: a MAC problem in ad hoc networks when using directional antennas , 2004, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2004. ICNP 2004..

[39]  Amit Kumar Saha,et al.  Routing improvement using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[40]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  On designing MAC protocols for wireless networks using directional antennas , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[41]  Simin Nadjm-Tehrani,et al.  Mobility Models for UAV Group Reconnaissance Applications , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC'06).

[42]  Ram Ramanathan,et al.  Ad hoc networking with directional antennas: a complete system solution , 2005, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[43]  Parameswaran Ramanathan,et al.  NULLHOC : a MAC protocol for adaptive antenna array based wireless ad hoc networks in multipath environments , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[44]  Guoyou He.  Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector ( DSDV ) Protocol , 2002 .

[45]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Performance of ad hoc routing using directional antennas , 2005, Ad Hoc Networks.

[46]  Rene L. Cruz,et al.  Optimal link scheduling and power control in CDMA multihop wireless networks , 2002, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. GLOBECOM '02. IEEE.

[47]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Capacity regions for wireless ad hoc networks , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[48]  Masaki Bandai,et al.  Performance Analysis of a Directional MAC Protocol for Location Information Staleness in MANETs , 2005 .

[49]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad Hoc Networking , 2001 .

[50]  Timothy X. Brown,et al.  Test B ed for a Wireless Network on Small UAVs , 2004 .

[51]  G. I. Andrei,et al.  Adaptive interference cancellation , 2001, 5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service. TELSIKS 2001. Proceedings of Papers (Cat. No.01EX517).

[52]  Suman Srinivasan,et al.  Airborne traffic surveillance systems: video surveillance of highway traffic , 2004, VSSN '04.

[53]  Philippe Jacquet,et al.  Performance of Multipoint Relaying in Ad Hoc Mobile Routing Protocols , 2002, NETWORKING.

[54]  M. van der Schaar,et al.  Cross-layer wireless multimedia transmission: challenges, principles, and new paradigms , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[55]  Ionut Cardei,et al.  MAC layer QoS support for wireless networks of unmanned air vehicles , 2004, 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the.

[56]  Zygmunt J. Haas,et al.  The performance of query control schemes for the zone routing protocol , 1998, SIGCOMM '98.

[57]  Christian Bonnet,et al.  CrossTalk: cross-layer decision support based on global knowledge , 2006, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[58]  Parameswaran Ramanathan,et al.  Spatial reuse through adaptive interference cancellation in multi-antenna wireless networks , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[59]  Chien-Chung Shen,et al.  A comparison study of omnidirectional and directional MAC protocols for ad hoc networks , 2002, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. GLOBECOM '02. IEEE.

[60]  J RubenMerz.  A Joint PHY/MAC Architecture for Low-Radiated Power TH-UWB Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks , 2004 .

[61]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  Scalable routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, IEEE Netw..

[62]  Tamer Nadeem,et al.  Efficient Cross Layer Designs for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks , 2006 .

[63]  D. Kiwior,et al.  Using Real World Data to Create OPNET Models DRAFT , 2005 .

[64]  Ram Ramanathan,et al.  On the performance of ad hoc networks with beamforming antennas , 2001, MobiHoc '01.

[65]  David A. Maltz,et al.  DSR: the dynamic source routing protocol for multihop wireless ad hoc networks , 2001 .

[66]  H.T. Kung,et al.  Field Experimentation of Cots-Based UAV Networking , 2006, MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference.

[67]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks , 2002, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[68]  Amit Kumar Saha.  Energy saving and partition bridging using directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks , 2003 .

[69]  Eytan Modiano,et al.  Dynamic power allocation and routing for time varying wireless networks , 2003, IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428).

[70]  H. T. Kung,et al.  Performance Measurement of 802.11a Wireless Links from UAV to Ground Nodes with Various Antenna Orientations , 2006, Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.

[71]  Cheolgi Kim,et al.  Link-state routing protocol for multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks , 2008, MILCOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[72]  Gregory A. Hansen,et al.  The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol , 2003 .

[73]  Aifeng Ren,et al.  Directional virtual carrier sensing for directional antennas in mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[74]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  Transmission scheduling in ad hoc networks with directional antennas , 2002, MobiCom '02.

[75]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing , 2001, RFC.

[76]  Panagiotis Tsiotras,et al.  Inertial Attitude and Position Reference System Development for a Small UAV , 2007 .

[77]  Wayne E. Stark,et al.  Performance Analysis of Wireless Networks With Directional Antennas , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[78]  Marília Curado,et al.  Quality of Service Routing , 2002, QofIS Final Report.

[79]  Terence D. Todd,et al.  A selective CSMA protocol with cooperative nulling for ad hoc networks with smart antennas , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[80]  Jörg Widmer,et al.  A joint PHY/MAC architecture for low-radiated power TH-UWB wireless ad hoc networks , 2005, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[81]  Jie Lin,et al.  Towards mobility as a network control primitive , 2004, MobiHoc '04.

[82]  J. Wang,et al.  SYN-DMAC: a directional MAC protocol for ad hoc networks with synchronization , 2005, MILCOM 2005 - 2005 IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[83]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  Mobile IP and Ad Hoc Networks: An Integration and Implementation Experience , 2002 .

[84]  Mihaela van der Schaar,et al.  Cross-layer wireless multimedia transmission: challenges, principles, and new paradigms , 2005, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[85]  H. T. Kung,et al.  Maximizing Throughput of UAV-Relaying Networks with the Load-Carry-and-Deliver Paradigm , 2007, 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[86]  Nathalie Mitton,et al.  Analysis of the Multi-Point Relay Selection in Olsr and Implications , 2005, Med-Hoc-Net.

[87]  Mihaela van der Schaar,et al.  Cross-Layer Packetization and Retransmission Strategies for Delay-Sensitive Wireless Multimedia Transmission , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[88]  Timothy X. Brown,et al.  Optimizing the Use of Relays for Link Establishment in Wireless Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[89]  Izhak Rubin,et al.  Ad hoc wireless networks with mobile backbones , 2004, 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754).

[90]  Gustavo Carneiro,et al.  Cross-layer design in 4G wireless terminals , 2004, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[91]  M. Motani,et al.  Cross-layer design: a survey and the road ahead , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[92]  Guoqiang Mao,et al.  Design of an Extended Kalman Filter for UAV Localization , 2007, 2007 Information, Decision and Control.

[93]  K.M. Morris,et al.  Impact of Limited Communications on a Cooperative Search Algorithm for Multiple UAVs , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.

[94]  Samir R. Das,et al.  Simulation Based Performance Evaluation of Mobile, Ad hoc Network Routing Protocols , 2000 .

[95]  Xiaoyan Hong,et al.  Scalable ad hoc routing in large, dense wireless networks using clustering and landmarks , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[96]  R.C. Palat,et al.  Cooperative relaying for ad-hoc ground networks using swarm UAVs , 2005, MILCOM 2005 - 2005 IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[97]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Cross-layer design of ad hoc networks for real-time video streaming , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[98]  Leandros Tassiulas,et al.  A MAC protocol for full exploitation of directional antennas in ad-hoc wireless networks , 2003, MobiHoc '03.

[99]  Suresh Singh,et al.  Tone based MAC protocol for use with adaptive array antennas , 2004, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8733).

[100]  Kevin M Morris.  Performance Analysis of a Cooperative Search Algorithm for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles under Limited Communication Conditions , 2006 .

[101]  Robert E. Hiromoto,et al.  A MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks using directional antennas , 2000, 2000 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00TH8540).

[102]  Steven R. Hansen.  Applications of Search Theory to Coordinated Searching by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles , 2007 .

[103]  Timothy X. Brown,et al.  Ad Hoc UAV Ground Network (AUGNet) , 2004 .

[104]  Philippe Jacquet,et al.  Performance analysis of olsr multipoint relay flooding in two ad hoc wireless network models , 2001 .

[105]  Nitin H. Vaidya,et al.  Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[106]  Rajendra V. Boppana,et al.  Analysis of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks , 2005 .