ROADS, REGULATION AND ROAD USER BEHAVIOUR

Abstract The continued growth in road traffic levels and car use has led to a growing concern about the funding of road transport schemes and a recognition that there is a requirement to manage existing roads more efficiently. This paper reviews the idea of a ‘level playing field’ for transport investment and the ‘new realism’ in transport policy which advocates the need for demand management through the direct regulation of street environments and the land use planning system. In addition to environmental, political and social concerns surrounding such trends, macro-economic circumstances have been an important feature of road transport regulation. In such a climate, private finance is seen increasingly as an alternative to public investment. The paper discusses the Private Finance Initiative and the consequences for road provision and demand management. The need for an increased understanding of the subjective constraints on behaviour in a demand management context, where environmentally sustainable modes are likely to be increasingly advocated, and the need to secure investment for these modes are also discussed.

[1]  J Whitelegg,et al.  Traffic congestion: is there a way out? , 1992 .

[2]  Carey Curtis.  Can strategic planning contribute to a reduction in car-based travel? , 1996 .

[3]  Matthew Taylor,et al.  REDUCING SPEEDS IN VILLAGES: THE VISP STUDY , 1995 .

[4]  Rodney Tolley,et al.  Transport Systems, Policy and Planning; A Geographical Approach , 1997 .

[5]  P. Goodwin.  TRANSPORT, THE NEW REALISM , 1996 .

[6]  K Wood,et al.  ASSESSMENT OF THE PILOT PRIORITY RED ROUTE IN LONDON , 1992 .

[7]  Sally Cairns,et al.  TRAVEL FOR FOOD SHOPPING: THE FOURTH SOLUTION. , 1995 .

[8]  Patsy Healey,et al.  Planning control in Western Europe: H.W.E Davies, D. Edwards, J.V. Punter and A.J. Hooper HMSO, London, UK, 1989, 442 pp , 1990 .

[9]  M.J.H. Mogridge.  Transport, Land Use and Energy Interaction , 1985 .

[10]  David Banister,et al.  Transport, the environment and sustainable development , 1993 .

[11]  M. Higginson.  TOWARDS FAIR AND EFFICIENT PRICING IN TRANSPORT: POLICY OPTIONS FOR INTERNALISING THE EXTERNAL COSTS OF TRANSPORT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION , 1997 .

[12]  Graham. Parkhurst,et al.  Park and ride: Could it lead to an increase in car traffic? , 1995 .

[13]  Colin Clark,et al.  Transport-Maker and Breaker of Cities , 1958 .

[14]  K H Craik,et al.  TRANSPORTATION AND THE PERSON , 1969 .

[15]  D. Newbery.  THE CASE FOR A PUBLIC ROAD AUTHORITY , 1994 .

[16]  T. M. Pharoah.  Less Traffic, Better Towns: Friends of the Earth's Illustrated Guide to Traffic Reduction , 1992 .

[17]  D. Hensher,et al.  DETERMINANTS of travel choice , 1978 .

[18]  R. Oldfield,et al.  IMPACT OF TRANSPORT POLICIES IN FIVE CITIES , 1994 .

[19]  Jeffrey Kenworthy,et al.  Gasoline Consumption and Cities: A Comparison of U.S. Cities with a Global Survey , 1989 .

[20]  I. A. R. Galer.  The Role of Psychology in the Design and Evaluation of Transport Systems , 1979 .

[21]  Mark E. Hepworth,et al.  Transport in the information age: Wheels and wires , 1992 .

[22]  C Gilliam,et al.  The London Congestion Charging Research Programme. 6. The findings , 1996 .

[23]  David Banister,et al.  ENERGY, QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT , 1994 .

[24]  P A Rickaby,et al.  Six Settlement Patterns Compared , 1987 .

[25]  N James,et al.  SPACE SHARING. A STUDY OF BUS AND PEDESTRIAN SHARED SHOPPING STREETS IN EIGHT BRITISH TOWNS , 1990 .

[26]  Gavin Macpherson.  Highway and transportation engineering and planning , 1993 .

[27]  Jacqueline Desbarats,et al.  Spatial choice and constraints on behavior , 1983 .

[28]  David Banister,et al.  Sustainable Cities: Transport, Energy, and Urban Form , 1997 .

[29]  H. Wenzel,et al.  Transportation planning for a better environment , 1976 .

[30]  S. Trudgill,et al.  Environmental Issues in the 1990s , 1993 .

[31]  Geoff Rose,et al.  Reducing Car Travel Through an ‘Individual Action’ Programme , 1997 .

[32]  Simon Marvin,et al.  Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places , 1996 .

[33]  David Engwicht,et al.  Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns: Better Living with Less Traffic , 1993 .

[34]  William MacKay.  Transport in the Urban Environment , 1997 .

[35]  P Bates,et al.  RED ROUTES IN RICHMOND , 1991 .

[36]  R. Burchell,et al.  Energy and Land Use , 1982 .

[37]  M. J. Breheny,et al.  Sustainable development and urban form , 1992 .

[38]  S. Owens.  Energy, planning, and urban form , 1986 .

[39]  M Hillman.  Road safety: the next steps , 1988 .

[40]  M. Breheny.  The compact city and transport energy consumption , 1995 .

[41]  David Banister,et al.  Reducing the Need to Travel , 1997 .

[42]  D. A. Wood.  Assessing the environmental impact of road schemes , 1992 .

[43]  C. Hass-Klau.  Civilised streets: A guide to traffic calming , 1992 .

[44]  S. Cullinane.  TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN BRITAIN'S NATIONAL PARKS , 1997 .

[45]  J. Cullingworth,et al.  Town and Country Planning in Britain , 1944, Nature.

[46]  Jre Russell,et al.  TRAFFIC CALMING: POLICY AND EVALUATIONS IN THREE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES , 1989 .

[47]  P. Hall,et al.  Can Rail Save the City?: The Impacts of Rail Rapid Transit and Pedestrianisation on British and German Cities , 1985 .

[48]  Michael Stocking,et al.  People and environment , 1995 .

[49]  Reducing the need to travel: A new planning objective in the UK? , 1996 .

[50]  John Roberts,et al.  Pedestrian precincts in Britain , 1981 .

[51]  I. Altman,et al.  Handbook of environmental psychology , 1987 .

[52]  M Tewdwr-Jones.  British planning policy in transition, planning in the 1990s , 1996 .

[53]  Rodney Tolley,et al.  HARD ROAD: THE PROBLEMS OF WALKING AND CYCLING IN BRITISH CITIES. CHAPTER 1 IN: THE GREENING OF URBAN TRANSPORT. PLANNING FOR WALKING AND CYCLING IN WESTERN CITIES. , 1990 .

[54]  D. Wood.  Trunk roads and the generation of traffic , 1994 .

[55]  Harry W. Richardson,et al.  GASOLINE CONSUMPTION AND CITIES: A REPLY , 1989 .

[56]  Julian Hine,et al.  Pedestrian travel experiences: Assessing the impact of traffic on behaviour and perceptions of safety using an in-depth interview technique , 1996 .