Eff ects of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on children ’ s development and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan : a longitudinal follow-up of a cluster-randomised factorial eff ectiveness trial

Background A previous study in Pakistan assessed the eff ectiveness of delivering responsive stimulation and enhanced nutrition interventions to young children. Responsive stimulation signifi cantly improved children’s cognitive, language, and motor development at 2 years of age. Both interventions signifi cantly improved parenting skills, with responsive stimulation showing larger eff ects. In this follow-up study, we investigated whether interventions had benefi ts on children’s healthy development and care at 4 years of age.

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