Microbial electrochemical technologies with the perspective of harnessing bioenergy: Maneuvering towards upscaling

Microbial electrochemical technologies have gained much attention in the recent years during which basic research has been carried out to provide proof of concept by utilizing microorganisms for generating bioenergy in an electro redox active environment. However, these bio-electrocatalyzed systems pose significant challenges towards up-scaling and practical applications. Various parameters viz., electrodes, materials, configuration, biocatalyst, reaction kinetics, fabrication and operational costs, resistance for electron transfer etc. will critically govern the performance of microbial catalyzed electrochemical systems. Majorly, the surface area of electrode materials, biofilm coverage on the electrode surface, enrichment of electrochemically active electrode respiring bacteria and reduction reactions at cathode will aid in increasing the reaction kinetics towards the upscaling of microbial electrochemical technologies. Enrichment of electroactive microbial community on anode electrode can be promoted with electrode pretreatment, controlled anode potential or electrical current, external resistance, optimal operation temperature, chemical additions and bioaugmentation . Inhibition of the growth of methanogens also increases the columbic efficiency, an essential parameter that determines the efficacy of bioelectricity generation. Considering the practical implementation of these microbial electrochemical technologies, the current review addresses the challenges and strategies to improve the performance of bio-electrocatalyzed systems with respect to the operational, physico-chemical and biological factors towards scale up. Besides, the feasibility for long term operation, the scope for future research along with the operational and maintenance costs are discussed to provide a broad spectrum on the role of the system components for the implementation of these bio-electrochemical technologies for practical utility.

[1]  S. Mohan,et al.  Bio-electrocatalytic reduction of CO2: Enrichment of homoacetogens and pH optimization towards enhancement of carboxylic acids biosynthesis , 2015 .

[2]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Carbon based nanotubes and nanopowder as impregnated electrode structures for enhanced power generation: Evaluation with real field wastewater , 2012 .

[3]  Justin C. Biffinger,et al.  High power density from a miniature microbial fuel cell using Shewanella oneidensis DSP10. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[4]  Alessandro Liberale,et al.  Reducing start-up time and minimizing energy losses of Microbial Fuel Cells using Maximum Power Point Tracking strategy , 2014 .

[5]  Kazuya Watanabe,et al.  Methanogenesis versus Electrogenesis: Morphological and Phylogenetic Comparisons of Microbial Communities , 2008, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[6]  Rongzhong Jiang,et al.  Stack design and performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , 2001 .

[7]  C. Santoro,et al.  Power generation from wastewater using single chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with platinum-free cathodes and pre-colonized anodes , 2012 .

[8]  Zhiyong Ren,et al.  Electricity production from cellulose in a microbial fuel cell using a defined binary culture. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[9]  Hong Liu,et al.  Power generation in fed-batch microbial fuel cells as a function of ionic strength, temperature, and reactor configuration. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  G. Gil,et al.  Operational parameters affecting the performannce of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[11]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Cathode performance as a factor in electricity generation in microbial fuel cells. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  A. Bergel,et al.  Acetate to enhance electrochemical activity of biofilms from garden compost , 2008 .

[13]  J. Scholta,et al.  Development and performance of a 10 kW PEMFC stack , 2004 .

[14]  J. Lay,et al.  Biohydrogen production as a function of pH and substrate concentration. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[15]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Bioelectrogenic role of anoxic microbial anode in the treatment of chemical wastewater: microbial dynamics with bioelectro-characterization. , 2015, Water research.

[16]  G Velvizhi,et al.  Biocatalyst behavior under self-induced electrogenic microenvironment in comparison with anaerobic treatment: evaluation with pharmaceutical wastewater for multi-pollutant removal. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[17]  Irini Angelidaki,et al.  Self-stacked submersible microbial fuel cell (SSMFC) for improved remote power generation from lake sediments. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  S Venkata Mohan,et al.  Closed circuitry operation influence on microbial electrofermentation: Proton/electron effluxes on electro-fuels productivity. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[19]  Fritz B. Prinz,et al.  The Triple Phase Boundary A Mathematical Model and Experimental Investigations for Fuel Cells , 2005 .

[20]  I. Chang,et al.  Microbial fuel cells for energy self-sufficient domestic wastewater treatment—a review and discussion from energetic consideration , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[21]  A. Gurung,et al.  Evaluation of electricity generation from ultrasonic and heat/alkaline pretreatment of different sludge types using microbial fuel cells. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[22]  J. Zeikus,et al.  Impact of electrode composition on electricity generation in a single-compartment fuel cell using Shewanella putrefaciens , 2002, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[23]  X. Quan,et al.  Power generation from cassava alcohol wastewater: effects of pretreatment and anode aeration , 2014, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.

[24]  Guotao Sun,et al.  The significance of the initiation process parameters and reactor design for maximizing the efficiency of microbial fuel cells , 2014, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[25]  M. Ghangrekar,et al.  Performance of microbial fuel cell subjected to variation in pH, temperature, external load and substrate concentration. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[26]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Continuous electricity generation at high voltages and currents using stacked microbial fuel cells. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[27]  S Venkata Mohan,et al.  Composite vegetable waste as renewable resource for bioelectricity generation through non-catalyzed open-air cathode microbial fuel cell. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[28]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Adaptation to high current using low external resistances eliminates power overshoot in microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[29]  K. Fan,et al.  H(2) production through anaerobic mixed culture: effect of batch S(0)/X(0) and shock loading in CSTR. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[30]  B. Logan,et al.  Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. , 2006, Trends in microbiology.

[31]  D C White,et al.  Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Shewanella and description of Shewanella oneidensis sp. nov. , 1999, International journal of systematic bacteriology.

[32]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Examination of microbial fuel cell start-up times with domestic wastewater and additional amendments. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[33]  Kelly P. Nevin,et al.  Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. , 1991, Advances in microbial physiology.

[34]  Soumya Pandit,et al.  Performance of electron acceptors in catholyte of a two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange membrane. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[35]  Alain Bergel,et al.  Electrochemical micro-structuring of graphite felt electrodes for accelerated formation of electroactive biofilms on microbial anodes , 2011 .

[36]  Jingxin Zhang,et al.  A direct approach for enhancing the performance of a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) combined anaerobic reactor by dosing ferric iron: Enrichment and isolation of Fe(III) reducing bacteria , 2014 .

[37]  Olivier Lefebvre,et al.  A comparison of membranes and enrichment strategies for microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[38]  H. May,et al.  Sustained generation of electricity by the spore-forming, Gram-positive, Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain DCB2 , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[39]  Jarosław Milewski,et al.  Solid-oxide fuel cells in power generation applications: A review , 2011 .

[40]  Tingyue Gu,et al.  A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. , 2007, Biotechnology advances.

[41]  Justin C. Biffinger,et al.  Oxygen exposure promotes fuel diversity for Shewanella oneidensis microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[42]  Pablo Cañizares,et al.  Microbial fuel cell with an algae-assisted cathode: A preliminary assessment , 2013 .

[43]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Behavior of single chambered mediatorless microbial fuel cell (MFC) at acidophilic, neutral and alkaline microenvironments during chemical wastewater treatment , 2009 .

[44]  Claire Dumas,et al.  Marine microbial fuel cell: Use of stainless steel electrodes as anode and cathode materials , 2007 .

[45]  Sang-Eun Oh,et al.  Power generation using different cation, anion, and ultrafiltration membranes in microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[46]  Herbert H. P. Fang,et al.  Fermentative Hydrogen Production From Wastewater and Solid Wastes by Mixed Cultures , 2007 .

[47]  Hanxi Yang,et al.  A novel mediatorless microbial fuel cell based on direct biocatalysis of Escherichia coli. , 2006, Chemical communications.

[48]  D. Pant,et al.  Long-term performance of activated carbon air cathodes with different diffusion layer porosities in microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[49]  James I. Chang,et al.  Influence of chemical nature of organic wastes on their conversion to hydrogen by heat-shock digested sludge , 2003 .

[50]  S Srikanth,et al.  Influence of terminal electron acceptor availability to the anodic oxidation on the electrogenic activity of microbial fuel cell (MFC). , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[51]  M. Çakmakci,et al.  Electricity generation from young landfill leachate in a microbial fuel cell with a new electrode material , 2012, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.

[52]  C. M. Rangel,et al.  High performance PEMFC stack with open-cathode at ambient pressure and temperature conditions , 2007 .

[53]  Sangeun Oh,et al.  Proton exchange membrane and electrode surface areas as factors that affect power generation in microbial fuel cells , 2006, Applied microbiology and biotechnology.

[54]  S Srikanth,et al.  Positive anodic poised potential regulates microbial fuel cell performance with the function of open and closed circuitry. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[55]  Ioannis Ieropoulos,et al.  The first self-sustainable microbial fuel cell stack. , 2013, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[56]  Jian Sun,et al.  Effects of periodically alternating temperatures on performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells , 2014 .

[57]  Bruce E Rittmann,et al.  Analysis of a microbial electrochemical cell using the proton condition in biofilm (PCBIOFILM) model. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[58]  Derek R. Lovley,et al.  Biofilm and Nanowire Production Leads to Increased Current in Geobacter sulfurreducens Fuel Cells , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[59]  D. Lovley,et al.  Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[60]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Domestic wastewater treatment using multi-electrode continuous flow MFCs with a separator electrode assembly design , 2012, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[61]  Aijie Wang,et al.  Syntrophic interactions improve power production in formic acid fed MFCs operated with set anode potentials or fixed resistances , 2012, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[62]  D. Park,et al.  Improved fuel cell and electrode designs for producing electricity from microbial degradation. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[63]  Korneel Rabaey,et al.  Nitrobenzene removal in bioelectrochemical systems. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[64]  D. R. Bond,et al.  Potential Role of a Novel Psychrotolerant Member of the Family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., in Electricity Production by a Marine Sediment Fuel Cell , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[65]  Y. Shirai,et al.  Influence of pretreated activated sludge for electricity generation in microbial fuel cell application. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[66]  Ralf Cord-Ruwisch,et al.  Energy-efficient treatment of organic wastewater streams using a rotatable bioelectrochemical contactor (RBEC). , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[67]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Continuous mode operation of microbial fuel cell (MFC) stack with dual gas diffusion cathode design for the treatment of dark fermentation effluent , 2015 .

[68]  Derek R Lovley,et al.  Microbial nanowires: a new paradigm for biological electron transfer and bioelectronics. , 2012, ChemSusChem.

[69]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[70]  Baikun Li,et al.  The variation of power generation with organic substrates in single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[71]  Fang Zhang,et al.  Oxygen-reducing biocathodes operating with passive oxygen transfer in microbial fuel cells. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[72]  Duu-Jong Lee,et al.  Degradation and characteristic changes of organic matter in sewage sludge using microbial fuel cell with ultrasound pretreatment. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[73]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Syntrophic interactions among anode respiring bacteria (ARB) and Non‐ARB in a biofilm anode: electron balances , 2009, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[74]  Richard M. Dinsdale,et al.  The influence of psychrophilic and mesophilic start-up temperature on microbial fuel cell system performance , 2011 .

[75]  Chih-Hung Wu,et al.  Evaluation of different cell-immobilization strategies for simultaneous distillery wastewater treatment and electricity generation in microbial fuel cells , 2015 .

[76]  Qingliang Zhao,et al.  Freezing/thawing effect on sewage sludge degradation and electricity generation in microbial fuel cell. , 2014, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[77]  P. N. Sarma,et al.  Effect of anodic pH microenvironment on microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance in concurrence with aerated and ferricyanide catholytes , 2009 .

[78]  D. Lovley,et al.  Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[79]  W. C. Lin,et al.  Geobacter sulfurreducens Can Grow with Oxygen as a Terminal Electron Acceptor , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[80]  Hubertus V. M. Hamelers,et al.  Renewable sustainable biocatalyzed electricity production in a photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell (PAMFC) , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[81]  Kyu-Jung Chae,et al.  Methanogenesis control by employing various environmental stress conditions in two-chambered microbial fuel cells. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[82]  Jeongdong Choi,et al.  Continuous electricity generation in stacked air cathode microbial fuel cell treating domestic wastewater. , 2013, Journal of environmental management.

[83]  Byung Hong Kim,et al.  Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism: Contents , 2008 .

[84]  James Larminie,et al.  Fuel Cell Systems Explained , 2000 .

[85]  Mohd Firdaus Abdul Wahab,et al.  Bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell using natural microflora and isolated pure culture bacteria from anaerobic palm oil mill effluent sludge. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[86]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Tubular microbial fuel cells for efficient electricity generation. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[87]  H. Hamelers,et al.  Performance of single chamber biocatalyzed electrolysis with different types of ion exchange membranes. , 2007, Water research.

[88]  Tyler M. Huggins,et al.  Biochar as a sustainable electrode material for electricity production in microbial fuel cells. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[89]  M. Ghangrekar,et al.  Improving performance of microbial fuel cell while controlling methanogenesis by Chaetoceros pretreatment of anodic inoculum. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[90]  K. Scott,et al.  A novel composite Nafion membrane for direct alcohol fuel cells , 2009 .

[91]  P N L Lens,et al.  Metals removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: A review. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[92]  Zhiguo Yuan,et al.  Syntrophic processes drive the conversion of glucose in microbial fuel cell anodes. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[93]  K. Chandrasekhar,et al.  Solid phase bio-electrofermentation of food waste to harvest value-added products associated with waste remediation. , 2015, Waste management.

[94]  B. Glaser,et al.  Technical, economical, and climate-related aspects of biochar production technologies: a literature review. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[95]  S. Babel,et al.  Ultrasonic pretreatment of palm oil mill effluent: Impact on biohydrogen production, bioelectricity generation, and underlying microbial communities , 2012 .

[96]  Aijie Wang,et al.  Enrichment of anodic biofilm inoculated with anaerobic or aerobic sludge in single chambered air-cathode microbial fuel cells. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[97]  S Srikanth,et al.  Enhanced wastewater treatment efficiency through microbially catalyzed oxidation and reduction: synergistic effect of biocathode microenvironment. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[98]  S Venkata Mohan,et al.  Bioelectricity production from wastewater treatment in dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched mixed microflora: Effect of catholyte. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[99]  Yan Li,et al.  Cr(VI) reduction at rutile-catalyzed cathode in microbial fuel cells , 2009 .

[100]  M M Ghangrekar,et al.  Performance of membrane-less microbial fuel cell treating wastewater and effect of electrode distance and area on electricity production. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[101]  Xie Quan,et al.  Electron transfer mechanisms, new applications, and performance of biocathode microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[102]  A. Kaur,et al.  Inhibition of methane production in microbial fuel cells: operating strategies which select electrogens over methanogens. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[103]  Tian-shun Song,et al.  Various voltage productions by microbial fuel cells with sedimentary inocula taken from different sites in one freshwater lake. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[104]  M. Shao.  Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells: A Non- and Low- Platinum Approach , 2013 .

[105]  Heguang Zhu,et al.  Evaluation of alternative methods of preparing hydrogen producing seeds from digested wastewater sludge , 2006 .

[106]  Byung Hong Kim,et al.  Construction and operation of a novel mediator- and membrane-less microbial fuel cell , 2004 .

[107]  Y. Sakuma,et al.  Direct ethanol production from cellulosic materials by consolidated biological processing using the wood rot fungus Schizophyllum commune. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[108]  M. Ghangrekar,et al.  Enhancing organic matter removal, biopolymer recovery and electricity generation from distillery wastewater by combining fungal fermentation and microbial fuel cell. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[109]  Hong Liu,et al.  Power densities using different cathode catalysts (Pt and CoTMPP) and polymer binders (nafion and PTFE) in single chamber microbial fuel cells. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[110]  Hajime Kobayashi,et al.  Bioelectrochemical analysis of a hyperthermophilic microbial fuel cell generating electricity at temperatures above 80 °C , 2015, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[111]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Treatment of carbon fiber brush anodes for improving power generation in air-cathode microbial fuel cells , 2010 .

[112]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Methanogenesis in membraneless microbial electrolysis cells , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[113]  Junyeong An,et al.  Scaling-up microbial fuel cells: configuration and potential drop phenomenon at series connection of unit cells in shared anolyte. , 2012, ChemSusChem.

[114]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[115]  C. W. Marshall,et al.  Electricity generation by thermophilic microorganisms from marine sediment , 2008, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[116]  B. Steele,et al.  Material science and engineering: The enabling technology for the commercialisation of fuel cell systems , 2001 .

[117]  A. Yadav,et al.  The Performance Improvement of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Different Waste-Sludge as an Inoculum , 2013 .

[118]  B. Logan,et al.  Microbial fuel cell cathodes with poly(dimethylsiloxane) diffusion layers constructed around stainless steel mesh current collectors. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[119]  M. Pontie,et al.  Immobilization of bio-macromolecules onto membranes via an adsorbed nanolayer: An insight into the mechanism , 2004 .

[120]  Hubertus V M Hamelers,et al.  Microbial fuel cell operation with continuous biological ferrous iron oxidation of the catholyte. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[121]  G. Najafpour,et al.  A novel microbial fuel cell stack for continuous production of clean energy , 2012 .

[122]  Peng Liang,et al.  A new insight into potential regulation on growth and power generation of Geobacter sulfurreducens in microbial fuel cells based on energy viewpoint. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[123]  Omprakash Sarkar,et al.  Regulation of biohydrogen production by heat-shock pretreatment facilitates selective enrichment of Clostridium sp. , 2014 .

[124]  X. Quan,et al.  Effect of anode aeration on the performance and microbial community of an air–cathode microbial fuel cell , 2012 .

[125]  Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al.  Thin-film catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes , 1992 .

[126]  Anil Verma,et al.  Implication of composite electrode on the functioning of photo-bioelectrocatalytic fuel cell operated with heterotrophic-anoxygenic condition. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[127]  Ashley E. Franks,et al.  Microbial catalysis in bioelectrochemical technologies: status quo, challenges and perspectives , 2013, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[128]  G. Lear,et al.  Photosynthetic biocathode enhances the power output of a sediment-type microbial fuel cell , 2014 .

[129]  Yinghui Mo,et al.  Enhancing the stability of power generation of single‐chamber microbial fuel cells using an anion exchange membrane , 2009 .

[130]  Byung Hong Kim,et al.  A novel electrochemically active and Fe(III)-reducing bacterium phylogenetically related to Aeromonas hydrophila, isolated from a microbial fuel cell. , 2003, FEMS microbiology letters.

[131]  P. N. Sarma,et al.  Integrated function of microbial fuel cell (MFC) as bio-electrochemical treatment system associated with bioelectricity generation under higher substrate load. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[132]  Bruno Allard,et al.  Electrical energy generation from a large number of microbial fuel cells operating at maximum power point electrical load , 2012 .

[133]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Utilizing acid-rich effluents of fermentative hydrogen production process as substrate for harnessing bioelectricity: An integrative approach , 2010 .

[134]  Ming-hua Zhou,et al.  An overview of electrode materials in microbial fuel cells , 2011 .

[135]  Prathap Parameswaran,et al.  Selecting anode-respiring bacteria based on anode potential: phylogenetic, electrochemical, and microscopic characterization. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[136]  N. Ren,et al.  The effect of water proofing on the performance of nickel foam cathode in microbial fuel cells , 2012 .

[137]  Jiin-Shuh Jean,et al.  Stable and high energy generation by a strain of Bacillus subtilis in a microbial fuel cell , 2009 .

[138]  D. Pant,et al.  A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[139]  Jo-Shu Chang,et al.  Biohydrogen production with fixed-bed bioreactors , 2002 .

[140]  S. Mohan,et al.  Prolonged applied potential to anode facilitate selective enrichment of bio-electrochemically active Proteobacteria for mediating electron transfer: microbial dynamics and bio-catalytic analysis. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[141]  Yang‐Chun Yong,et al.  Bioelectricity enhancement via overexpression of quorum sensing system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-inoculated microbial fuel cells. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[142]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Bioelectricity generation from chemical wastewater treatment in mediatorless (anode) microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched hydrogen producing mixed culture under acidophilic microenvironment , 2008 .

[143]  Li Zhuang,et al.  Membrane-less cloth cathode assembly (CCA) for scalable microbial fuel cells. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[144]  Hong Liu,et al.  Enhanced Coulombic efficiency and power density of air-cathode microbial fuel cells with an improved cell configuration , 2007 .

[145]  Peter Kauffman,et al.  The first demonstration of a microbial fuel cell as a viable power supply: Powering a meteorological buoy , 2008 .

[146]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Biofuel Cells Select for Microbial Consortia That Self-Mediate Electron Transfer , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[147]  Peng Liang,et al.  Composition and distribution of internal resistance in three types of microbial fuel cells , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[148]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Microbial fuel cell: Critical factors regulating bio-catalyzed electrochemical process and recent advancements , 2014 .

[149]  Martina Hausner,et al.  Bioaugmentation of aerobic microbial granules with Pseudomonas putida carrying TOL plasmid. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[150]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Electricity generation of single-chamber microbial fuel cells at low temperatures. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[151]  D. Bond.  Electrodes as Electron Acceptors, and the Bacteria Who Love Them , 2010 .

[152]  Sang-Eun Oh,et al.  Voltage reversal during microbial fuel cell stack operation , 2007 .

[153]  Hong Liu,et al.  Effect of nitrate on the performance of single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Water research.

[154]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  In Situ System Buffering Capacity Dynamics on Bioelectrogenic Activity During the Remediation of Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cell , 2014 .

[155]  Bin Wang,et al.  A single chamber stackable microbial fuel cell with air cathode , 2007, Biotechnology Letters.

[156]  B. Logan,et al.  Optimal set anode potentials vary in bioelectrochemical systems. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[157]  Sean F. Covalla,et al.  Power output and columbic efficiencies from biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens comparable to mixed community microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental microbiology.

[158]  J. Becker,et al.  Design and characterization of a microbial fuel cell for the conversion of a lignocellulosic crop residue to electricity. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[159]  Adrián Escapa,et al.  Potential Use of Microbial Electrolysis Cells in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants for Energy Recovery , 2014, Front. Energy Res..

[160]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Microbial catalyzed electrochemical systems: a bio-factory with multi-facet applications. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[161]  Hong Liu,et al.  Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[162]  Alan J Guwy,et al.  Control of power sourced from a microbial fuel cell reduces its start-up time and increases bioelectrochemical activity. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[163]  Jaecheul Yu,et al.  Electricity generation and microbial community in a submerged-exchangeable microbial fuel cell system for low-strength domestic wastewater treatment. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[164]  Bruce E Logan,et al.  Ion exchange membrane cathodes for scalable microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[165]  Uwe Schröder,et al.  Exploiting complex carbohydrates for microbial electricity generation: a bacterial fuel cell operating on starch , 2004 .

[166]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Bio-catalyzed electrochemical treatment of real field dairy wastewater with simultaneous power generation , 2010 .

[167]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Bioaugmentation of an electrochemically active strain to enhance the electron discharge of mixed culture: process evaluation through electro-kinetic analysis , 2012 .

[168]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Increased performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells using an improved cathode structure , 2006 .

[169]  Qixing Zhou,et al.  Acidic and alkaline pretreatments of activated carbon and their effects on the performance of air-cathodes in microbial fuel cells. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[170]  C Melhuish,et al.  Improved energy output levels from small-scale Microbial Fuel Cells. , 2010, Bioelectrochemistry.

[171]  Hongbing Yu,et al.  A novel structure of scalable air-cathode without Nafion and Pt by rolling activated carbon and PTFE as catalyst layer in microbial fuel cells. , 2012, Water research.

[172]  H. Hamelers,et al.  Effects of membrane cation transport on pH and microbial fuel cell performance. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[173]  D. Lovley.  Microbial fuel cells: novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches. , 2006, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[174]  Pablo Cañizares,et al.  An evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic sludges as start-up material for microbial fuel cell systems. , 2012, New biotechnology.

[175]  Javad Hashemi,et al.  Steady state electric power generation in up-flow microbial fuel cell using the estimated time span method for bacteria growth domestic wastewater , 2012 .

[176]  Michael Woerner,et al.  Enzyme-capped relay-functionalized mesoporous carbon nanoparticles: effective bioelectrocatalytic matrices for sensing and biofuel cell applications. , 2013, ACS nano.

[177]  Yong Chen,et al.  Scalable microbial fuel cell (MFC) stack for continuous real wastewater treatment. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[178]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Influence of graphite flake addition to sediment on electrogenesis in a sediment-type fuel cell , 2012 .

[179]  Hong Liu,et al.  Quantification of the internal resistance distribution of microbial fuel cells. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[180]  Soon-An Ong,et al.  Hybrid system up-flow constructed wetland integrated with microbial fuel cell for simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. , 2015, Bioresource technology.

[181]  K. Scott,et al.  Microbial fuel cells utilising carbohydrates , 2007 .

[182]  Ian M. Head,et al.  On the repeatability and reproducibility of experimental two-chambered microbial fuel cells , 2009 .

[183]  Yujie Feng,et al.  Use of carbon mesh anodes and the effect of different pretreatment methods on power production in microbial fuel cells. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[184]  Anna Vilajeliu-Pons,et al.  Microbiome characterization of MFCs used for the treatment of swine manure. , 2015, Journal of hazardous materials.

[185]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Power generation using an activated carbon fiber felt cathode in an upflow microbial fuel cell , 2010 .

[186]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Scaling up microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[187]  S Venkata Mohan,et al.  Biochemical evaluation of bioelectricity production process from anaerobic wastewater treatment in a single chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) employing glass wool membrane. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[188]  John M. Regan,et al.  Influence of External Resistance on Electrogenesis, Methanogenesis, and Anode Prokaryotic Communities in Microbial Fuel Cells , 2010, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[189]  B. Logan,et al.  Performance of a pilot-scale continuous flow microbial electrolysis cell fed winery wastewater , 2011, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[190]  Youngsoon Um,et al.  Electricity-driven metabolic shift through direct electron uptake by electroactive heterotroph Clostridium pasteurianum , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[191]  Gunda Mohanakrishna,et al.  Harnessing of bioelectricity in microbial fuel cell (MFC) employing aerated cathode through anaerobic treatment of chemical wastewater using selectively enriched hydrogen producing mixed consortia , 2008 .

[192]  D. R. Bond,et al.  Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[193]  René A Rozendal,et al.  A bipolar membrane combined with ferric iron reduction as an efficient cathode system in microbial fuel cells. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[194]  C. Buisman,et al.  Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment. , 2008, Trends in biotechnology.

[195]  Qingliang Zhao,et al.  A microbial fuel cell using permanganate as the cathodic electron acceptor , 2006 .

[196]  B. Logan,et al.  Improving startup performance with carbon mesh anodes in separator electrode assembly microbial fuel cells. , 2013, Bioresource technology.

[197]  Bea-Ven Chang,et al.  Using filtrate of waste biosolids to effectively produce bio-hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation. , 2003, Water research.

[198]  Baikun Li,et al.  Effects of gas diffusion layer (GDL) and micro porous layer (MPL) on cathode performance in microbia , 2011 .

[199]  M M Ghangrekar,et al.  Improving performance of microbial fuel cell with ultrasonication pre-treatment of mixed anaerobic inoculum sludge. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[200]  Kazuya Watanabe,et al.  Light/electricity conversion by defined cocultures of Chlamydomonas and Geobacter. , 2013, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[201]  Haluk Beyenal,et al.  Microbial fuel cell using anaerobic respiration as an anodic reaction and biomineralized manganese as a cathodic reactant. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[202]  U. Schröder.  Anodic electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cells and their energy efficiency. , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[203]  Alice Dohnalkova,et al.  Electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and other microorganisms. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[204]  D. R. Bond,et al.  The Mtr Respiratory Pathway Is Essential for Reducing Flavins and Electrodes in Shewanella oneidensis , 2009, Journal of bacteriology.

[205]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Synergistic interaction of biocatalyst with bio-anode as a function of electrode materials , 2011 .

[206]  S. Venkata Mohan,et al.  Synergistic yield of dual energy forms through biocatalyzed electrofermentation of waste: Stoichiometric analysis of electron and carbon distribution , 2015 .

[207]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  AMMONIA TREATMENT OF CARBON CLOTH ANODES TO ENHANCE POWER GENERATION OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS , 2007 .

[208]  Fritz B. Prinz,et al.  The Air'Platinum'Nafion Triple-Phase Boundary: Characteristics, Scaling, and Implications for Fuel Cells , 2004 .

[209]  Prathap Parameswaran,et al.  Kinetic experiments for evaluating the Nernst-Monod model for anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) in a biofilm anode. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[210]  Ram Chandra.  Environmental Waste Management , 2015 .

[211]  I. Stenina,et al.  Ion mobility in Nafion-117 membranes , 2004 .

[212]  Derek R. Lovley,et al.  Bug juice: harvesting electricity with microorganisms , 2006, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[213]  Willy Verstraete,et al.  Biological denitrification in microbial fuel cells. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[214]  J. Li,et al.  Electricity generation by two types of microbial fuel cells using nitrobenzene as the anodic or cathodic reactants. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[215]  Qing Wen,et al.  Electricity generation and brewery wastewater treatment from sequential anode-cathode microbial fuel cell , 2010, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B.

[216]  W. Verstraete,et al.  A microbial fuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency , 2004, Biotechnology Letters.

[217]  B. Logan.  Exoelectrogenic bacteria that power microbial fuel cells , 2009, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[218]  Bruce E. Logan,et al.  Scale-up of membrane-free single-chamber microbial fuel cells , 2008 .

[219]  Haiping Luo,et al.  Phenol degradation in microbial fuel cells. , 2009 .

[220]  A. Lakaniemi,et al.  Electricity generation from tetrathionate in microbial fuel cells by acidophiles. , 2015, Journal of hazardous materials.