Equations of State for Technical Applications. III. Results for Polar Fluids

New functional forms have been developed for multiparameter equations of state for non- and weakly polar fluids and for polar fluids. The resulting functional forms, which were established with an optimization algorithm which considers data sets for different fluids simultaneously, are suitable as a basis for equations of state for a broad variety of fluids. The functional forms were designed to fulfil typical demands of advanced technical application with regard to the achieved accuracy. They are numerically very stable and their substance-specific coefficients can easily be fitted to restricted data sets. In this way, a fast extension of the group of fluids for which accurate empirical equations of state are available is now possible. This article deals with the results found for the polar fluids CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane), HFC-32 (difluoromethane), CFC-113 (1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane), HCFC-123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane), HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane), carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The substance-specific parameters of the new equations of state are given as well as statistical and graphical comparisons with experimental data. General features of the new class of equations of state such as their extrapolation behavior or their numerical stability and results for non- and weakly polar fluids have been discussed in preceding articles.

[1]  Hideyuki Sato,et al.  Isobaric heat capacity data for liquid HCFC-123 (CHCl2CF3, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) , 1991 .

[2]  P. T. Eubank,et al.  Experimental (p, Vm, T) for pure CO2 between 220 and 450 K , 1987 .

[3]  W. Streett,et al.  Measurements of the velocity of sound in liquid argon from 90 to 160 K and pressures to 3400 atm , 1974 .

[4]  L. Weber.  Measurements of the virial coefficients and equation of state of the carbon dioxide+ethane system in the supercritical region , 1992 .

[5]  V. Kmoníček,et al.  Measurements of the specific volume of carbon dioxide in the range of 700 to 4000b and 50 to 475°C , 1965 .

[6]  T. Wassenaar,et al.  Isotherms and thermodynamic properties of ethylene at temperatures between 0 and 150°C and at densities up to 500 amagat , 1976 .

[7]  Eric W. Lemmon,et al.  An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) for Temperatures From 161 to 450 K and Pressures to 50 MPa , 2000 .

[8]  Haruki Sato,et al.  Isobaric heat capacity for liquid 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and 1,1-difluoroethane , 1993 .

[9]  K. Ridgway,et al.  Physical properties of the ternary system benzene-cyclohexane-hexane , 1967 .

[10]  B. Sage,et al.  Volumetric Behavior of n-Hexane in Liquid Phase , 1954 .

[11]  T. Koga,et al.  Sound-velocity measurements for HFC-134a and HFC-152a with a spherical resonator , 1993 .

[12]  L. A. Weber,et al.  Vapor Pressures and PVT Properties of the Gas Phase of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane , 1996 .

[13]  J. Zollweg,et al.  Speed-of-sound measurements for liquid trichlorofluoromethane under pressure , 1989 .

[14]  W. Pecceu,et al.  Ultrasonic velocity in liquid carbon dioxide , 1973 .

[15]  J. Magee.  Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume of 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a) and 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R143a) from the Triple-Point Temperature to 345 K at Pressures to 35 MPa , 1998 .

[16]  Daniel G. Friend,et al.  Thermophysical Properties of Ethane , 1991 .

[17]  Y. Hwang.  The constant volume heat capacities of gaseous tetrafluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethanem, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and chloropentafluoroethane , 1961 .

[18]  M. Uematsu,et al.  Density, isothermal compressibility, and the volume expansion coefficient of liquid chlorodifluoromethane for temperatures of 310-400 K and pressures up to 10 MPa , 1991 .

[19]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  PVT Property Measurements for Difluoromethane , 1994 .

[20]  S. Malanowski,et al.  Vapour pressure data for 1-butanol, cumene, n-octane and n-decane and their statistically consistent reduction with the antoine equation , 1987 .

[21]  L. Q. Lobo,et al.  Some thermodynamic properties of liquid ammonia and trideuteroammonia , 1987 .

[22]  Joseph F. Masi,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous Difluorodichloromethane (Freon-12)1 , 1952 .

[23]  S. Angus,et al.  International thermodynamic tables of the fluid state. 5. Methane , 1978 .

[24]  W. C. Kay,et al.  The Compressibilities of Liquid and Gaseous Normal Heptane and an Equation of State for Gaseous Normal Heptane , 1937 .

[25]  Roland Span,et al.  Multiparameter Equations of State: An Accurate Source of Thermodynamic Property Data , 2000 .

[26]  J. Magee.  Isochoric p–ρ–T Measurements for 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R123) at Temperatures from 176 to 380 K and 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R124) from 104 to 400 K at Pressures to 35 MPa , 2000 .

[27]  S. Biswas,et al.  The effect of pressure on the sound velocity and density of toluene and n-heptane up to 2600 bar , 1985 .

[28]  T. Wassenaar,et al.  P-V-T- Data and Thermodynamical Properties of Freon-12 (CCl2F2) and Freon-13 (CClF3) Fluorocarbons at Temperatures Between 0° and 150° C. and at Pressures Up to 400 Atm. , 1966 .

[29]  H. Sato,et al.  A Thermodynamic Equation of State for Pentafluoroethane (R-125) , 1998 .

[30]  D. Richon,et al.  High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures containing a light paraffin and an aromatic compound or a naphthene in the range 313-473 K , 1991 .

[31]  W. Wagner,et al.  Supplementary measurements of the (p,ρ,T) relation of carbon dioxide in the homogeneous region atT=313 K and on the coexistence curve atT=304 K , 1997 .

[32]  M. Uematsu,et al.  Orthobaric liquid densities of trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and of the azeotropic mixture of (chlorodifluoromethane + chloropentafluoroethane) between 203 and 463 K , 1986 .

[33]  G. C. Straty.  Velocity of sound in dense fluid methane , 1974 .

[34]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Thermophysical properties of normal butane from 135 to 700 K at pressures to 70 MPa , 1982 .

[35]  W. Wagner,et al.  Results of (pressure, density, temperature) measurements on methane and on nitrogen in the temperature range from 273.15 K to 323.15 K at pressures up to 12 MPa using a new apparatus for accurate gas-density measurements , 1991 .

[36]  T. W. Loos,et al.  The pϱT properties of ethanol + hexane , 1995 .

[37]  W. Kay.  Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations for n-Butane , 1940 .

[38]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the (p, ρ, T) relation of sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6). I. The homogeneous gas and liquid region in the temperature range from 225 K to 340 K at pressures up to 12 MPa , 2002 .

[39]  G. C. Straty.  Hypersonic velocities in saturated and compressed fluid methane , 1975 .

[40]  J. Ely,et al.  Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and Normal Butane , 1987 .

[41]  J. Winnick,et al.  PVT properties of liquid n-octane , 1971 .

[42]  S. Robertson,et al.  Isotherms of Ethylene and Propane to 10 000 bar , 1970 .

[43]  A. Leipertz,et al.  Thermal diffusivity and ultrasonic velocity of saturated R152a , 1994 .

[44]  L. Weber.  Measurements of the heat capacities Cv of dense gaseous and liquid nitrogen and nitrogen trifluoride , 1981 .

[45]  T. Ishida,et al.  Vapor pressure isotope effect in liquid methylene fluoride , 1983 .

[46]  K. Oguchi,et al.  Experimental study of PVT properties of HCFC-123(CHCl2CF3) , 1992 .

[47]  G. Pope,et al.  Experimental pressure-volume-temperature relations for saturated and compressed fluid ethane , 1976 .

[48]  H. Kratzke,et al.  Thermodynamic quantities for propane 3. The thermodynamic behaviour of saturated and compressed liquid propane , 1984 .

[49]  W. Wakeham,et al.  Amount-of-substance density of CH4at temperatures from 322.5 K to 700 K and pressures up to 35 MPa , 1995 .

[50]  A. Michels,et al.  Isotherms of argon between 0°c and 150°c and pressures up to 2900 atmospheres , 1949 .

[51]  S. S. Susnar,et al.  Pressure dependence of the density of n-alkanes , 1992 .

[52]  R. Kobayashi,et al.  Isochoric pressure-volume-temperature measurements for compressed liquid propane , 1978 .

[53]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the (pressure, density, temperature) relation of carbon dioxide I. The homogeneous gas and liquid regions in the temperature range from 217 K to 340 K at pressures up to 9 MPa , 1990 .

[54]  R. A. Aziz,et al.  Sound velocity in liquid CCl2 F2 and the law of corresponding states , 1972 .

[55]  S. Young,et al.  LXXXIII.—The vapour pressures, specific volumes and critical constants of hexamethylene , 1899 .

[56]  F. M. Royo,et al.  Vapor pressures of binary mixtures of hexane + 1-butanol, + 2-butanol, + 2-methyl-1-propanol, or + 2-methyl-2-propanol at 298. 15 K , 1993 .

[57]  G. Ernst.  Zur universellen Darstellung des Realanteils der spezifischen Wärme von Gasen , 1969 .

[58]  M. Uematsu,et al.  Bubble pressures and saturated liquid densities of R 22 + R 114 mixtures in the range 310–400 K , 1991 .

[59]  A. Itterbeek,et al.  Velocity of sound in liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen as a function of temperature and pressure , 1962 .

[60]  W. Giauque,et al.  Ammonia. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of Solid and Liquid. Heat of Vaporization. The Entropy Values from Thermal and Spectroscopic Data , 1937 .

[61]  Haruki Sato,et al.  Isobaric heat capacity data for liquid HFC-134a , 1990 .

[62]  G. Ernst,et al.  Flow-calorimetric specific heat capacities of the refrigerants CFCl3 (R11) and CF2ClCFCl2 (R113) at pressures between 0.6 MPa and 30 MPa and temperatures between 288.15 K and 503.15 K , 1992 .

[63]  B. Taylor,et al.  CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1998*$\dagger$ , 1999 .

[64]  T. Coplen.  Atomic Weights of the Elements 1995 , 1997 .

[65]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Isochoric (p, Vm, T) measurements on CO2 and on (0.982CO2+0.018N2) from 250 to 330 K at pressures to 35 MPa , 1989 .

[66]  J. Magee,et al.  Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume of n-Butane at Temperatures from 141 to 342 K and at Pressures to 33 MPa , 1998 .

[67]  R. Tillner-Roth,et al.  An International Standard Equation of State for Difluoromethane (R-32) for Temperatures from the Triple Point at 136.34 K to 435 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa , 1997 .

[68]  G. Morrison,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Difluoromethane , 1994 .

[69]  W. A. Cole,et al.  An interim analytic equation of state for sulfurhexafluoride , 1990 .

[70]  J. Magee.  Measurements of molar heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)☆ , 1992 .

[71]  B. Kamgar-Parsi,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of isobutane in the critical region , 1983 .

[72]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  PVT and vapor pressure measurements on 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) , 1991 .

[73]  W. Wagner,et al.  The Nearly Classical Behavior of a Pure Fluid on the Critical Isochore Very Near the Critical Point Under the Influence of Gravity , 1999 .

[74]  W. Wagner,et al.  Simultaneous Optimization as a Method to Establish Generalized Functional Forms for Empirical Equations of State , 1998 .

[75]  A. Goodwin.  Thermophysical properties from the speed of sound , 1988 .

[76]  J. D. Isdale,et al.  p, ϱ, T behaviour for n-hexane + n-hexadecane in the range 298 to 373 K and 0.1 to 500 MPa , 1979 .

[77]  M. Noguchi,et al.  An International Standard Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of HFC-125 (Pentafluoroethane) , 1998 .

[78]  B. P. Dailey,et al.  Heat Capacities of and Hindered Rotation in n-Butane and Isobutane1 , 1943 .

[79]  T. Takagi.  Ultrasonic speed for liquid trichlorofluoromethane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane at temperatures from 283 to 373 K and pressures up to 75 MPa , 1991 .

[80]  S. Boyes.  The speed of sound in gaseswith application to equations of state and sonic nozzles , 1992 .

[81]  D. R. Douslin,et al.  The Vapor Pressure and Critical Constants of Neopentane , 1951 .

[82]  P. Kortbeek,et al.  Apparatus for sound velocity measurements in gases up to 10 kbar: Experimental data for argon , 1985 .

[83]  A. F. Estrada-Alexanders,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of gaseous argon at temperatures between 110 and 450 K and densities up to 6.8 mol · dm−3 determined from the speed of sound , 1996 .

[84]  R. Byron Bird,et al.  The Third Virial Coefficient for Non‐Polar Gases , 1950 .

[85]  G. C. Benson,et al.  Ultrasonic velocities, compressibilities, and heat capacities for binary mixtures of benzene, cyclohexane, and tetrachloromethane at 298.15 K☆ , 1978 .

[86]  B. E. Gammon,et al.  Experimental critical constants, vapor pressures, and vapor and liquid densities for pentafluoroethane (R-125) , 1997 .

[87]  L. A. Weber.  Vapor Pressure of Heptane from the Triple Point to the Critical Point , 2000 .

[88]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  Measurements of the Critical Parameters and the Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Curve in the Critical Region of HCFC-123 , 1990 .

[89]  Leroy C. Kahre.  Liquid density of light hydrocarbon mixtures , 1973 .

[90]  I. Abdulagatov,et al.  Measurements of the (p, ρ, T) properties and virial coefficients of pure water, methane, n-hexane, n-octane, benzene, and of their aqueous mixtures in the supercritical region , 1996 .

[91]  F. Polonara,et al.  Vapor pressure and gas phase PVT data and correlation for 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a) , 1995 .

[92]  A. Goodwin,et al.  Thermophysical properties of gaseous refrigerants from speed of sound measurements. I. Apparatus, model, and results for 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane R134a , 1990 .

[93]  H. Kratzke.  Thermodynamic quantities for propane 1. The vapour pressure of liquid propane , 1980 .

[94]  J. Schouten,et al.  Measurements of the densities of liquid benzene, cyclohexane, methanol, and ethanol as functions of temperature at 0.1 MPa , 1988 .

[95]  S. Garg,et al.  Heat capacities and densities of liquid n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, and n-hexadecane at temperatures from 318.15 K to 373.15 K and at pressures up to 10 MPa , 1991 .

[96]  R. Kobayashi,et al.  Vapor pressure of normal paraffins ethane through n-decane from their triple points to about 10 mm mercury , 1973 .

[97]  M. Dix,et al.  A vibrating-wire densimeter for measurements in fluids at high pressures , 1991 .

[98]  U. Hochberg,et al.  Flow-calorimetric results for the specific heat capacity cp of CO2, of C2H6, and of (0.5CO2 + 0.5C2H6) at high pressures , 1989 .

[99]  R. A. Aziz,et al.  Sound velocity in the inert gas liquids and the law of corresponding states , 1967 .

[100]  A. Goodwin,et al.  An apparatus based on a spherical resonator for measuring the speed of sound in gases at high pressures. Results for argon at temperatures between 255 K and 300 K and at pressures up to 7 MPa , 1992 .

[101]  Z. R. Zakar'yaev,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of propane in the critical region , 1995 .

[102]  B. E. Gammon,et al.  A thermoelectric flow enthalpy-increment calorimeter , 1990 .

[103]  G. C. Straty.  (p, V, T) of compressed fluid ethene☆ , 1980 .

[104]  T. Bose,et al.  An optical method for the determination of the (pressure, amount-of-substance density, temperature) relation. Measurements on ethene in the temperature range from 283.15 to 373.15 K at pressures up to 30 MPa , 1989 .

[105]  Mark O. McLinden,et al.  A Modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) , 1996 .

[106]  P. Schley,et al.  Ideal-gas thermodynamic properties for natural-gas applications , 1995 .

[107]  J. Connolly.  IDEALITY OF n-BUTANE:ISOBUTANE SOLUTIONS , 1962 .

[108]  H. Sato,et al.  Measurements of isobaric heat capacity for liquid difluoromethane (HFC-32) , 1994 .

[109]  V. Dohnal,et al.  (Vapour + liquid) equilibria of {1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (halothane) + an oxygenated solvent or hexane} , 1993 .

[110]  Michael R. Moldover,et al.  Compressed and Saturated Liquid Densities for 18 Halogenated Organic Compounds , 1997 .

[111]  P. Wielopolski,et al.  Compressibility factors and virial coefficients for propane, propene and their mixtures by the burnett method , 1978 .

[112]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  Ideal-gas specific heat and second virial coefficient of HFC-125 based on sound-velocity measurements , 1996 .

[113]  B. Schramm,et al.  Measurements of the second virial coefficients of some new chlorofluorocarbons and of their mixtures at temperatures in the range from 230 K to 300 K , 1991 .

[114]  P. S. Snyder,et al.  Density of liquid n-octane , 1971 .

[115]  B. E. Gammon,et al.  Second and Third Virial Coefficients for Methane + Ethane and Methane + Ethane + Carbon Dioxide at (300 and 320) K , 1996 .

[116]  M. Uematsu,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of 1,1-difluoroethane in the super-critical and high-density regions , 1989 .

[117]  O. Šifner,et al.  Measurements of the p-v-T behavior of refrigerant R134a in the liquid phase , 1993 .

[118]  J. Trusler,et al.  Second acoustic virial coefficients of nitrogen between 80 and 373 K , 1992 .

[119]  S. Sandler,et al.  High-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria of mixtures of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and cyclohexane , 1989 .

[120]  A. Kumagai,et al.  Pressure-volume-temperature relationships of several polar liquids , 1978 .

[121]  L. Weber.  Thermodynamic and related properties of oxygen from the triple point to 300 K at pressures to 1000 bar , 1977 .

[122]  A. Leipertz,et al.  Sound velocity and sound attenuation measurements by dynamic light scattering , 1995 .

[123]  W. Reynolds.  Thermodynamic properties in SI , 1979 .

[124]  G. C. Straty,et al.  (p, V, T) of saturated and compressed fluid nitrogen , 1980 .

[125]  R. Tillner-Roth,et al.  A fundamental equation of state for 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) , 1995 .

[126]  G. Maurer,et al.  Flow calorimeter for the accurate determination of the isobaric heat capacity at high pressures; results for carbon dioxide , 1989 .

[127]  C. McClune.  Measurement of the densities of liquefied hydrocarbons from 93 to 173 K , 1976 .

[128]  M. Zíková,et al.  Liquid Densities at Elevated Pressures of n-Alkanes from C5 to C16: A Critical Evaluation of Experimental Data , 1994 .

[129]  S. Beyerlein,et al.  Application of nonlinear regression in the development of a wide range formulation for HCFC-22 , 1995 .

[130]  R. Niepmann.  Thermodynamic properties of propane and n-butane 2. Speeds of sound in the liquid up to 60 MPa , 1984 .

[131]  D. Manley,et al.  Vapor pressures for the system 1-butene, isobutane, and 1,3-butadiene , 1976 .

[132]  T. Bose,et al.  Refractivity virial coefficients and P, ρ, T data of ethylene , 1990 .

[133]  A. Bylicki,et al.  A new apparatus for total-pressure measurements by the static method: Application to the vapour pressures of cyclohexane, propan-2-ol and pyridine , 1983 .

[134]  J. Magee.  Isochoric Heat Capacity Measurements for 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R123) at Temperatures from 167 to 341 K and 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R124) from 94 to 341 K at Pressures to 35 MPa , 2000 .

[135]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the (p, ρ,T) relation of ethylene I. The homogeneous gaseous and liquid regions in the temperature range from 105 K to 340 K at pressures up to 12 MPa☆ , 1996 .

[136]  H. Baehr,et al.  An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2‐Tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa , 1994 .

[137]  Haruki Sato,et al.  Saturated liquid densities of HCFC 123 and HFC 134a , 1990 .

[138]  H. Kratzke,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of saturated and compressed liquid difluorochloromethane , 1985 .

[139]  Roland Span,et al.  A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen for Temperatures from 63.151 to 1000 K and Pressures to 2200 MPa , 2000 .

[140]  P. Clancy,et al.  Experimental and theoretical study of the equation of state of liquid ethylene , 1982 .

[141]  W. Kay,et al.  Second virial coefficients of eight compounds in the range 40.deg. to 200.deg. , 1969 .

[142]  J. Thoen,et al.  Sound velocity measurements in liquid methane as a function of pressure , 1967 .

[143]  A. F. Benning,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorochloromethanes and -Ethanes , 1940 .

[144]  P. T. Eubank,et al.  Density and Virial Coefficients of Gaseous Butane from 265 to 450 K at Pressures to 3.3 MPa , 1997 .

[145]  J. Magee,et al.  Vapour pressure measurements on 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) from 180 to 350 K , 1992 .

[146]  Z. R. Zakar'yaev,et al.  The two-phase specific heat at constant volume of propane in the critical region , 1997 .

[147]  H. Sato,et al.  An experimental study of the thermodynamic properties of 1,1-difluoroethane , 1992 .

[148]  E. R. Cohen,et al.  The 1986 CODATA Recommended Values Of the Fundamental Physical Constants , 1987, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards.

[149]  Ramón Bravo,et al.  Excess molar volumes of (o-xylene+n-heptane+toluene or n-hex-1-ene) at the temperature 298.15 K , 1991 .

[150]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  Speed of sound in gaseous difluoromethane , 1994 .

[151]  J. Trusler,et al.  The speed of sound in gaseous argon at temperatures between 110 K and 450 K and at pressures up to 19 MPa , 1995 .

[152]  D. Yost,et al.  The Heat Capacity, Heats of Transition, Fusion and Vaporization, Vapor Pressure and Entropy of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane , 1944 .

[153]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurements of the (pressure, density, temperature) relation of methane in the homogeneous gas and liquid regions in the temperature range from 100 K to 260 K and at pressures up to 8 MPa , 1992 .

[154]  J. L. Legido,et al.  Temperature dependence of the volumetric properties of binary mixtures containing alcohols (1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-heptanol) + heptane , 1994 .

[155]  John A. Zollweg,et al.  Speed of sound in liquid R134a , 1992 .

[156]  D. Manley,et al.  Vapor pressures for the system isobutane-isobutylene-n-butane , 1978 .

[157]  D. R. Douslin,et al.  Vapor-pressure relations for 15 hydrocarbons , 1974 .

[158]  Wolfgang Wagner,et al.  A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 100 MPa , 1991 .

[159]  J. Sengers,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) in the critical region , 1991 .

[160]  Joseph O. Hirschfelder,et al.  Second Virial Coefficients and the Forces Between Complex Molecules , 1942 .

[161]  H. Aoyama,et al.  Vapor-liquid coexistence curves in the critical region and the critical temperatures and densities of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane , 1995 .

[162]  G. M. Watson,et al.  The Compressibility of Liquid n-Octane , 1942 .

[163]  S. Biswas,et al.  PVT properties of sulfur-hexafluoride in the gas-liquid critical region , 1984 .

[164]  D. W. Osborne,et al.  The Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization and Vapor Pressure of Fluorotrichloromethane , 1941 .

[165]  W. Blanke,et al.  Isochoric (p,v,T) Measurements on C2H4F2 (R152a) in the Liquid State from the Triple Point to 450 K and at Pressures up to 30 MPa , 1992 .

[166]  Shen Weiguo,et al.  (Vapour + liquid) equilibria of (n-hexane + n-hexadecane), (n-hexane + n-octane), and (n-octane + n-hexadecane) , 1990 .

[167]  M. McLinden,et al.  Equations of state for the thermodynamic properties of R32 (difluoromethane) and R125 (pentafluoroethane) , 1995 .

[168]  A. Goodwin,et al.  Thermophysical properties of gaseous refrigerants from speed‐of‐sound measurements. III. Results for 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (CHCl2‐CF3) and 1,2‐dichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane (CHClF‐CClF2) , 1991 .

[169]  G. Morrison,et al.  Compressed Liquid Densities and Saturation Densities of Pentafluoroethane (R125) , 1992 .

[170]  W. M. Haynes.  Measurements of densities and dielectric constants of liquid isobutane from 120 to 300 K at pressures to 35 MPa , 1983 .

[171]  F. D. Rio,et al.  The vapour pressure of CCl3F from 218 to 291 K , 1984 .

[172]  A. Kumagai,et al.  Pressure-volume-temperature relation of liquid ammonia , 1971 .

[173]  H. Kratzke,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of saturated and compressed liquid n-pentane , 1985 .

[174]  J. Ancsin.  Vapor pressure scale of oxygen , 1974 .

[175]  Eli Rosenthal,et al.  Physical properties and virial coefficients of sulfur hexafluoride , 1969 .

[176]  W. Wagner,et al.  A Reference Quality Equation of State for Nitrogen , 1998 .

[177]  A. Goodwin,et al.  Thermophysical properties of alkanes from speeds of sound determined using a spherical resonator 2. n-Butane , 1988 .

[178]  G. Owren,et al.  Enthalpy increment measurements on nitrogen between the temperatures 160 K and 260 K, at the pressures ≈(0.3, 3.0, 5.0, and 15.0) MPa , 1997 .

[179]  P. Kortbeek,et al.  Apparatus for the measurement of compressibility isotherms of gases up to 10 kbar: Experimental data for argon at 298.15 K , 1988 .

[180]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  Gas Phase PVT Properties for the Difluoromethane + Pentafluoroethane (R-32 + 125) System , 1996 .

[181]  L. Weber,et al.  Vapour pressures and gas-phase (p, ρn, T)values for CF3CHF2(g) (R125) , 1995 .

[182]  H. Merte,et al.  Measurement of sonic velocity in liquid Refrigerant 12 , 1977 .

[183]  M. Zábranský,et al.  Heat Capacity of Liquid n‐Heptane Converted to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 , 1994 .

[184]  H. Wolff,et al.  Vapor-liquid equilibria of deuteroisomeric methanethiols and their mixtures with n-hexane , 1980 .

[185]  M. Uematsu,et al.  Apparatus for measurements of PVT properties and their derivatives for fluids and fluid mixtures with a metal bellows as a variable‐volume vessel , 1989 .

[186]  P. Dunlop,et al.  Second virial coefficients for seven fluoroethanes and interaction second virial coefficients for their binary mixtures with helium and argon , 1993 .

[187]  B. Sage,et al.  Latent heat of vaporization of propane , 1967 .

[188]  W. M. Haynes,et al.  Thermophysical properties of isobutane from 114 to 700 K at pressures to 70 MPa , 1982 .

[189]  L. Finegold,et al.  Measurement of the Velocity of Sound in Liquid Argon and Liquid Nitrogen at High Pressures , 1960 .

[190]  F. Henning,et al.  Dampfdrucktafeln für Temperaturbestimmungen zwischen + 25° und — 185° , 1921 .

[191]  V. Vacek,et al.  Speed of sound in compressed sulfur hexafluoride , 1993 .

[192]  F. Vesely,et al.  Enthalpies of vaporization at high pressures for methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, hexane, and cyclohexane , 1988 .

[193]  Koichi Watanabe,et al.  Vapor Pressures, Gas-Phase PVT Properties, and Second Virial Coefficients for 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane , 1995 .

[194]  J. Magee.  Isochoric p-ρ-T Measurements on 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a) from 158 to 400 K and 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R143a) from 166 to 400 K at Pressures to 35 MPa , 1998 .

[195]  J. Trusler,et al.  The speed of sound in gaseous propane at temperatures between 225 K and 375 K and at pressures up to 0.8 MPa , 1996 .

[196]  P. Kortbeek,et al.  Acoustic and Thermodynamic Properties of Benzene and Cyclohexane as a Function of Pressure and Temperature , 1987 .

[197]  E. Kiran,et al.  High-pressure viscosity and density of n-alkanes , 1992 .

[198]  J. E. Powers,et al.  Thermal properties of propane , 1969 .

[199]  W. Wagner,et al.  (Pressure, density, temperature) measurements in the critical region of methane , 1986 .

[200]  J. L. Sengers,et al.  The critical-region equation of state of ethene and the effect of small impurities , 1980 .

[201]  M. Moldover,et al.  Precision acoustic measurements with a spherical resonator: Ar and C2H4 , 1981 .

[202]  A. Michels,et al.  Isotherms and thermodynamical functions of ethane at temperatures between 0°C and 150°C and pressures up to 200 ATM , 1954 .

[203]  W. Wagner,et al.  New pressure-density-temperature measurements and new rational equations for the saturated liquid and vapour densities of oxygen , 1978 .

[204]  P. Clancy,et al.  Thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures of argon + krypton , 1982 .

[205]  Wolfgang Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the (pressure, density, temperature) relation of nitrogen in the temperature range from 273.15 to 323.15 K at pressures up to 8 MPa , 1988 .

[206]  L. A. Weber,et al.  Simple apparatus for vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements with data for the binary systems of carbon dioxide with n-butane and isobutane , 1989 .

[207]  H. Miyamoto,et al.  A Thermodynamic Property Model for Fluid-Phase Propane , 2000 .

[208]  J. Magee.  Isochoricp-ϱ-T measurements on Difluoromethane (R32) from 142 to 396 K and pentafluoroethane (R125) from 178 to 398 K at pressures to 35 MPa , 1996 .

[209]  M. Nagel,et al.  Vapour-liquid equilibrium of ternary mixtures of the refrigerants R125, R143a and R134a , 1995 .

[210]  P. Malbrunot,et al.  Pressure-volume-temperature behavior of difluoromethane , 1968 .

[211]  L. A. Weber.  Vapor pressures and gas-phase PVT data for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane , 1989 .

[212]  A. M. Silva,et al.  Measurements of the Vapor Pressures of Difluoromethane, 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, and Pentafluoroethane , 1994 .

[213]  B. E. Gammon,et al.  Experimental densities for compressed R134a , 1992 .

[214]  J. Thoen,et al.  Sound velocity measurements in liquid argon as a function of pressure and temperature , 1969 .

[215]  H. Szwarc,et al.  A magnetic-suspension apparatus to measure densities of liquids as a function of temperature at pressures up to 100 MPa Application to n-heptane , 1989 .

[216]  W. Wagner,et al.  A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple‐Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa , 1996 .

[217]  H. Baehr,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the vapour pressures of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R 134a) and of 1,1-difluoroethane (R 152a) , 1991 .

[218]  J. Magee,et al.  Molar heat capacity at constant volume of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) from the triple-point temperature to 345 K at pressures to 35 MPa , 1996 .

[219]  G. M. Wilson,et al.  Thermophysical properties of HFC-125 , 1992 .

[220]  D. Fawcett.  Measurement and prediction of speed of sound, with application to gas flow metering in Australian natural gases , 1995 .

[221]  D. Manley,et al.  Relative volatilities of the ethane-ethylene system from total pressure measurements , 1982 .

[222]  B. Marongiu,et al.  Thermodynamics of binary mixtures containing alkenes. 1. Excess enthalpies of some alkenes and polyenes + n-heptane or cyclohexane mixtures , 1992 .

[223]  W. C. Kay,et al.  The Normal Boiling Point and Critical Constants of Normal Heptane , 1937 .

[224]  J. D. Kemp,et al.  Hindered Rotation of the Methyl Groups in Propane. The Heat Capacity, Vapor Pressure, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization of Propane. Entropy and Density of the Gas , 1938 .

[225]  K. Gillis.  Thermodynamic properties of seven gaseous halogenated hydrocarbons from acoustic measurements: CHClFCF3, CHF2 CF3, CF3 CH3, CHF2CH3, CF3CHFCHF2, CF3CH2CF3, and CHF2CF2CH2F , 1997 .

[226]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the equilibrium liquid and vapour densities and the vapour pressure along the coexistence curve of methane , 1986 .

[227]  H. M. Huffman,et al.  THERMAL DATA ON ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. VI. THE HEAT CAPACITIES, ENTROPIES AND FREE ENERGIES OF SOME SATURATED, NON-BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS1 , 1930 .

[228]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurement and correlation of the ( p, ρ, T) relation of sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6). II. Saturated-liquid and saturated-vapour densities and vapour pressures along the entire coexistence curve , 2002 .

[229]  R. Rubio,et al.  Excess volumes of binary mixtures of an octane isomer and a polar component , 1989 .

[230]  A. Goodwin,et al.  Thermophysical properties of alkanes from speeds of sound determined using a spherical resonator 5. 2-Methylbutane at temperatures in the range 260 K to 320 K and pressures in the range 2.8 kPa to 80.9 kPa , 1991 .

[231]  E. Kuss,et al.  p, V, T‐Messungen an zwanzig organischen Flüssigkeiten , 1970 .

[232]  L. A. Weber.  Vapor pressures and gas-phase PVT data for 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane , 1990 .

[233]  H. Sato,et al.  An Equation of State for 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R-143a) , 2014 .

[234]  S. G. Penoncello,et al.  A fundamental equation for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) , 1992 .

[235]  Yoshiaki Tanaka,et al.  Viscosity and density of binary mixtures of cyclohexane with n-octane, n-dodecane, and n-hexadecane under high pressures , 1991 .

[236]  H. T. French.  Thermodynamic functions for the systems 1-butanol, 2-butanol, andt-butanol + cyclohexane , 1983 .

[237]  C. Luo,et al.  Densities and dielectric constants for some LPG components and mixtures at cryogenic and standard temperatures , 1981 .

[238]  J. Thoen,et al.  Experimental investigation of the sound velocity in the critical region of argon , 1971 .

[239]  H. Baehr,et al.  Burnett measurements and correlation of gas-phase (P, ρ, T) of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R 134a) and of 1,1-difluoroethane (R 152a) , 1992 .

[240]  J. González,et al.  Excess molar volumes for dimethyl carbonate + heptane, decane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, or tetrachloromethane , 1992 .

[241]  R. Rusby.  The conversion of thermal reference values to the ITS-90 , 1991 .

[242]  G. Thodos,et al.  A New Vapor Pressure Equation and Its Application to Normal Alkanes , 1977 .

[243]  D. R. Douslin,et al.  Experimental Vapor Heat Capacities and Heats of Vaporization of n-Hexane and 2,2-Dimethylbutane1 , 1947 .

[244]  R. Grigg,et al.  Excess volumes of cyclohexane + n-hexane, + n-heptane, + n-octane, + n-nonane, and + n-decane , 1979 .

[245]  Y. Higashi.  Critical parameters for HFC134a, HFC32 and HFC125 , 1994 .

[246]  B. Younglove,et al.  Speed-of-sound measurements for nitrogen gas at temperatures from 80 to 350 K and pressures to 1.5 MPa , 1980 .

[247]  J. Mollerup.  Measurement of the volumetric properties of methane and ethene at 310 K at pressures to 70 MPa and of propene from 270 to 345 K at pressures to 3 MPa by the Burnett method , 1985 .

[248]  A. Goodwin,et al.  Ebulliometric measurement of the vapor pressure of difluoromethane , 1993 .

[249]  L. J. V. Poolen,et al.  Coexisting densities, vapor pressures and critical densities of refrigerants R-32 and R-152a, at 300-385 K , 1993 .

[250]  J. Thoen,et al.  Sound velocity measurements in liquid methane , 1965 .

[251]  W. Wagner,et al.  Refractive index and density isotherms for methane from 273 to 373 K and at pressures up to 34 MPa , 1992 .

[252]  J. Trusler,et al.  The speed of sound and derived thermodynamic properties of methane at temperatures between 275 K and 375 K and pressures up to 10 MPa , 1992 .

[253]  C. Gladun.  The specific heat of liquid argon , 1971 .

[254]  F. Ye,et al.  Gas-Phase PVT Properties and Vapor Pressures of Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) Determined According to the Burnett Method , 1995 .

[255]  Roland Span,et al.  A New Equation of State for Argon Covering the Fluid Region for Temperatures From the Melting Line to 700 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa , 1999 .

[256]  A. Goodwin,et al.  The vapor pressure of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and chlorodifluoromethane (R22) , 1992 .

[257]  H. Baehr,et al.  Measurements of liquid, near-critical, and supercritical (p, ρ, T) of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R 134a) and of 1,1-difluoroethane (R 152a) , 1993 .

[258]  W. Brostow,et al.  Pressure second virial coefficients of hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, and their mixtures: Interactions of walks , 1979 .

[259]  Martin J. Mastroianni,et al.  Physical and thermodynamic properties of 1,1,2-trifluorotrichloroethane (R-113) , 1978 .

[260]  W. Felsing,et al.  The Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations of n-Hexane and of 2-Methylpentane , 1940 .

[261]  W. Wagner,et al.  Measurements of the (pressure, density, temperature) relations of dichlorodifluoromethane (R12) and of chlorodifluoromethane (R22) in parts of the homogeneous gas and liquid regions and on the coexistence curve , 1992 .

[262]  W. Wakeham,et al.  Automated isochoric apparatus for the measurement of density of fluid mixtures at temperatures from 298.15 K to 773.15 K and pressures up to 40 MPa: results for helium and for nitrogen , 1993 .

[263]  J. Nath,et al.  Ultrasonic velocities in, and adiabatic compressibilities and excess volumes for, binary liquid mixtures of acetone with tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, and cyclohexane , 1984 .

[264]  D. White,et al.  The Heat Capacity, Heat of Fusion, Heat of Transition and Heat of Vaporization of Chlorodifluoromethane between 16°K. and the Boiling Point1,2 , 1957 .

[265]  R. Tsumura,et al.  Speed of sound in liquid trichlorofluoromethane under saturated vapor , 1986 .

[266]  L. J. V. Poolen,et al.  Coexisting densities and vapor pressures of refrigerants R-22, R-134a, and R-124 at 300–395 K , 1994 .

[267]  A. Tam,et al.  Optical Generation and Detection of Acoustic Pulse Profiles in Gases for Novel Ultrasonic Absorption Spectroscopy. , 1984 .

[268]  J. Mollerup.  Measurement of the volumetric properties of sulfur hexafluoride from 260 to 340 K at pressures to 2.5 MPa , 1985 .

[269]  D. R. Douslin,et al.  The velocity of sound and heat capacity in methane from near-critical to subcritical conditions and equation-of-state implications , 1976 .

[270]  S. G. Penoncello,et al.  A thermodynamic property formulation for cyclohexane , 1995 .

[271]  W. Wagner,et al.  An accurate single-sinker densimeter and measurements of the (p, ρ,T) relation of argon and nitrogen in the temperature range from (235 to 520) K at pressures up to 30 MPa , 1998 .

[272]  J. Thoen,et al.  Sound velocity measurements in liquid argon, oxygen and nitrogen , 1966 .

[273]  Mark O. McLinden,et al.  An International Standard Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant 123 (2,2‐Dichloro‐1,1,1‐Trifluoroethane) , 1994 .